The picture superiority effect in associative memory: A developmental study

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Baadte ◽  
Bozana Meinhardt‐Injac
Keyword(s):  
Associative Memory ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority

Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Andrew J. A. Mattan ◽  
Tamara A. Small
Keyword(s):  
Television Advertising ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Picture Superiority

Abstract The picture superiority effect suggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be advantageous to their political image. While the literature on gendered self-presentation is largely confined to television advertising, there is a growing literature focused on the online environment. In this research note, we develop a methodological framework to assess gender-based stereotypes in a purely visual environment. We test the framework using photographs from the Twitter feeds of the main party leaders in the 2018 Ontario election. The note concludes by reflecting on the methodological challenges of examining gender in visual political content online.

Encoding and Encoding–Retrieval Interactions

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 61-96
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Memory Systems ◽  
Generation Effect ◽  
The Self ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Test Requirements ◽  
Picture Superiority ◽  
Self Reference

Topics covered include the notion that there are no dedicated memory encoding processes as such; rather, encoding is equated with perception and comprehension. Studies by Craik, Moscovitch, and McDowd (1994), and by Challis, Velichkovsky, and Craik (1996) are described and their implications discussed. The differential sensitivity of retrieval tests (e.g., implicit/explicit) to different encoding operations is discussed in terms of test requirements for different types of information rather than as reflecting different memory systems. General principles of encoding are proposed; these include depth, elaboration, congruity, and distinctiveness. Memory-boosting procedures such as rehearsal, organization, retrieval as encoding, the generation effect, and subject-performed tasks are discussed and evaluated. Other topics described, illustrated, and discussed include the picture superiority effect, the self-reference effect, the effect of task difficulty on later memory, differential effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval, and the concept of consolidation.

Aging and the Picture Superiority Effect in Recall

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Winograd ◽  
A. D. Smith ◽  
E. W. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority
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