SCREENING THE ABILITY TO CONTROL MESOMORPHUS VILLIGER (BLACK BEAN BEETLE) OF SIX METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE STRAINS ISOLATED IN BINH DUONG, VIET NAM

Three types of bio-preparations of six different Metarhizium anisopliae strains (Ma-SD, Ma-SAT, Ma-ST, Ma-RS, Ma-RN, and Ma-RM) isolated from soil in Binh Dương province, Viet Nam, including conidia, LIMs and MIXs, were evaluated the acaricidal effects on Mesomorphus villager (Black bean beetle). The results of conidia studies showed the high efficacies of Ma-SAT and Ma-ST at 98.64 ± 1.25 percent and 95.23 ± 3.15 percent, in turn. The times to kill half of the studied beetles were observed from the 9th day to the 12th day of the 15-day study process seemed indifferent and late, also without signs of mycosis at the end of the studies. LIMs had low efficacies in the studies, though the LIM of Ma-SAT continued to perform the efficacy at 57.14 ± 3.45 percent among the studied groups after the 15-day study process, moreover, its LIM was the only one killing half of the beetles on day 13th of the study process. The efficacies of MIXs were all higher than 91 percent, among them, Ma-ST, Ma-SAT, and Ma-RS showed their outstanding performance at 96.94 ± 2.49, 98.08 ± 1.21, 98.18 ± 1.38, respectively. Interestingly, all strains were observed to kill half of the studied beetles on day 5th of study time, the soonest one was recorded from the Ma-SAT experiment on day 3rd.

Characterizing the Neuroimaging and Histopathological Correlates of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke-Prone Rats

Introduction: Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) are used to model clinically relevant aspects of human cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). To decipher and understand the underlying disease dynamics, assessment of the temporal progression of CSVD histopathological and neuroimaging correlates is essential.Materials and Methods: Eighty age-matched male SHRSP and control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were randomly divided into four groups that were aged until 7, 16, 24 and 32 weeks. Sensorimotor testing was performed weekly. Brain MRI was acquired at each study time point followed by histological analyses of the brain.Results: Compared to WKY controls, the SHRSP showed significantly higher prevalence of small subcortical hyperintensities on T2w imaging that progressed in size and frequency with aging. Volumetric analysis revealed smaller intracranial and white matter volumes on brain MRI in SHRSP compared to age-matched WKY. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) showed significantly higher mean diffusivity in the corpus callosum and external capsule in WKY compared to SHRSP. The SHRSP displayed signs of motor restlessness compared to WKY represented by hyperactivity in sensorimotor testing at the beginning of the experiment which decreased with age. Distinct pathological hallmarks of CSVD, such as enlarged perivascular spaces, microbleeds/red blood cell extravasation, hemosiderin deposits, and lipohyalinosis/vascular wall thickening progressively accumulated with age in SHRSP.Conclusions: Four stages of CSVD severity in SHRSP are described at the study time points. In addition, we find that quantitative analyses of brain MRI enable identification of in vivo markers of CSVD that can serve as endpoints for interventional testing in therapeutic studies.

COVID-19 Impact on Regional Medical Campus Education: Student Perspectives

Due to social distancing precautions and the desire to protect clinical learners, the COVID-19 pandemic forced medical schools everywhere to implement more distanced and virtualized learning in their educational curriculums. More specifically, at the University of Kansas School of Medicine-Salina, a regional medical campus, the impact of some of these changes were also seen and felt. The purpose of this study was to investigate the downstream effects of these curriculum changes from the perspectives and opinions of medical students attending a regional medical campus. To explore the study purpose, a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study that used an online survey with closed and open-ended questions was used. Additionally, because of unique curriculum characteristics depending on the year of the student, 1st and 2nd year students (phase I) were asked slightly different questions than students in their 3rd and 4th years (phase II). Closed-ended questions asked students about lecture experience, clinical learning development and time, study time, exam performance, collaborative learning experiences, and socialization/interactions with colleagues. Students answered in range of -3 to +3, negative numbers meaning a detrimental impact (or decrease in study time), and positive numbers being beneficial impact (or increase in study time). Open-ended questions asked students about improvements that could be made, unique class circumstances during the pandemic and any other relevant impact not covered in closed-ended questions. For phase I students, lecture experience, study time and exam performance resulted in no impact. However, collaborative learning and socialization with colleagues did result in a detrimental impact that was significant. For phase II learners, clinical skills development, time spent in clinical skills development and socialization with colleagues were detrimentally impacted. However, the amount of time spent on studying increased and exam performance benefited. These findings suggest that pandemic-related curriculum changes impact learners differently depending on the phase of medical they are in. There are no conflicts of interest by either of the authors. This study has been approved by the University of Kansas Medical Center Institutional Review Board.

Negotiation Efficacy in Conflicts between Students: Results from a Portuguese Study

Negotiation is one of the most used conflict management procedures in the school context, since through an effective solution against violence is reached. This investigation considers personal and scholars variables that can influence negotiation efficacy in conflicts between elementary school students, namely sex, school grade, number of failures, study time school goals, and evaluation. Following a quantitative approach, the sample consisted of 874 Portuguese students from elementary schools, 452 males and 422 females with ages ranged between 10 and 18 years. The instruments applied were a personal questionnaire, and the School Conflicts Negotiation Efficacy Questionnaire (SCNEQ). The results show that sex, number of failures, and study time have an influence on the students' negotiation efficacy, as well as on student´s evaluations. The limitations of the study and practical implications for conflict management in schools are also presented, namely that the development of students’ negotiation abilities is relevant.

Foucault and fugitive study

Michel Foucault was one of the 20th century’s great practitioners of study. Time in the archives and library, teaching, reading, thinking, and writing were all integrated aspects of his tireless labor to find lines of escape out of the confines of Western humanism and totalizing approaches to power and history. Drawing on Foucault’s lectures at the Collège de France and the work of James Bernauer, this article discusses Foucault’s mode of study as a practice of freedom. It then mobilizes Foucault’s analyses of biopolitics and neoliberal reason to address new enclosures of academic labor that push against study within the university. The article argues that Foucault was not able to anticipate how the biopolitical horizon would become ever-more dependent on extraction, including from the value generated by academic labor. It then draws on ideas of fugitivity and undercommons to supplement Foucault’s study as a mode of resistance.

464Basics of survival analysis: age is not appropriate as time scale in Cox regression model

Background Many previous methodological studies suggested to use age as time scale in Cox regression model, and some statistical analyses directly applied this conclusion. In the present study, we explain why age is not a more appropriate time scale compared to the time-on-study time scale. Methods We address this argument based on five aspects: Cox regression model, conditional likelihood estimation, dataset of left-truncation or right-censoring, algorithms and software for Cox model, and inferring survival function. Furthermore, logical and algorithmic errors arise in the procedure of parameter inference with age time scale, and that certain evaluation indicators proposed by previous studies are inappropriate. Results The function of time scale is mainly a sampling method for maximum likelihood estimation to infer coefficient of Cox regression model, and the method defined by the age time scale is incorrect in logics and algorithms. Furthermore, age as time scale creates new problems, such as the omission of covariates, loss of information as a continuous variable, increase in dropout, and inability to obtain the survival function. Conclusions For the Cox regression model, the classic time-on-study time scale is more appropriate compared to age as time scale. Key messages It is an important discussion because using age as time scale was first proposed decades ago, meaning that lots of turnovers in researchers, newbies tend to accept the assumptions of their predecessors, but the suitability has never been rigorously verified.