Unspoken Rules: Resolving Underdetermination With Closure Principles

Typically the existential and universal quantifiers are regarded as logical expressions. But there are straightforward semantic means for defining all sorts of new quantifiers that have roughly the same syntax as the more familiar quantifiers. This raises the question: Which of these new quantifiers are relevantly similar to the existential and universal quantifiers to count as logical? After introducing generalised quantifiers, we use notions of indiscernibility to investigate how to classify quantifiers as logical or non-logical, focussing especially on the famous Tarski-Sher thesis. Roughly, this thesis states that quantifiers are logical provided they exhibit a certain kind of invariance. We argue that intuitions about non-discrimination are insufficient to establish Tarski-Sher. Then, by considering infinitary logics and closure principles, we raise some further difficulties for attempts to establish Tarski-Sher.

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Inference

Illuminating the Mind ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190907532.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 74-98

Author(s):

Jonathan Stoltz

Keyword(s):

Good Evidence ◽

Epistemic Closure ◽

Inferential Knowledge ◽

Different Types ◽

Closure Principles

This chapter introduces the Buddhist theory of inference. It begins with the distinction between “inference for oneself” and “inference for others,” and argues that what is of primary importance in epistemology is the category of “inference for oneself.” The chapter then lays out the standard features of the Buddhist account of inferential knowledge, including Dignāga’s appeal to “the three characteristics” of good evidence and Dharmakīrti’s account of three different types of evidence. The chapter concludes with a section on the topic of epistemic closure principles and how such principles might apply to Buddhist accounts of inferential knowledge.

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Loop-closure principles in protein folding

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics ◽

10.1016/j.abb.2007.06.018 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 469 (1) ◽

pp. 67-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Thomas R. Weikl

Keyword(s):

Protein Folding ◽

Loop Closure ◽

Closure Principles

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Community Participation in Project Closure principles and Performance of Community Water Supply Projects in Kericho County, Kenya

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.79.8577 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 673-705

Author(s):

Justus Korir

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Community Participation ◽

Survey Design ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Target Population ◽

Community Water ◽

Project Documentation ◽

Closure Principles ◽

Project Closure ◽

Descriptive Survey

The purpose of this article was to establish the extent to which community participation in project closure principles influences the performance of community water supply projects in Kericho county Kenya. The indicators used included community participation in; project documentation and archiving, procurement closure and bills settlement and project handing over and celebration. The study adopted descriptive survey design and correlation research design. The descriptive survey design was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied whilst a correlational research was used to describe the degree to which variables under the study were related. The target population was 8357 and the sample size was 382. Out of this, 310 positively responded. The sample comprised of households and management committee members. The research instruments included questionnaires, focus group discussion and interview schedules. Stratified proportional sampling and random sampling were used to collect primary qualitative and quantitative data. The data was compiled, given codes and input into SPSS version 25 computer program for statistical analysis and presentation. The study findings showed that community participation in project documentation and archiving (R=0.680, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.461), procurement closure and bills settlement (R=0.772, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.595) and project handing over and celebration (R=0.746, p=0.00<0.05, R2=0.554) are significant explanatory variables with respect to project performance at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the study concluded that the community should be encouraged to actively participate more during the project closure process in order to enhance the performance of their community water supply projects.

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Justification, Deductive Closure and Reasons to Believe

Dialogue ◽

10.1017/s0012217300013330 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 30 (1-2) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert Audi

Keyword(s):

Justified Belief ◽

Closure Principles ◽

Deductive Closure

By deduction, we often extend both our knowledge and our justified belief. Moreover, in achieving knowledge or justified belief of some proposition, we commonly acquire justification for believing many of its entailed consequences, such as at least some of those that self-evidently follow from it. These and related facts have led some philosophers to endorse strong closure principles, for instance: If a person, S, is justified in believing a proposition, p, and p entails q, then S is justified in believing q. Others have denied such principles, whether for justification or, with the appropriate additions, for knowledge. The debate continues. There is, however, this much consensus: there are difficult problems about the scope of closure, and epistemology should develop theories that can resolve them.

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