Decision letter for "Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event"

Wheat is a crop that has been put into its place. That place is the Wheat Belt, the center of the country. It can grow where most crops don't do well and where there is no economic incentive to grow anything else. At one time, wheat was grown as part of a diverse cropping system in virtually every region of the country. Today, wheat is returning to places such as the hills of North Carolina, Vermont, Maine, Northern California, southwestern Oregon, the Skagit Valley, and San Juan Islands of Washington. These areas are “out of place,” and there is value to wheat grown out of place. That value can be indirect—for example, when used as a rotational crop that reduces diseases and other pests. Its value can also come more directly in unexpected forms, such as flavor and unique functional properties. The new focus on wheat production is helping farmers produce value where before they were bit players in a brutal commodity market geared only toward larger producers.

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Timing and extent of early marine oxygen isotope stage 2 alpine glaciation in Skagit Valley, Washington

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.004 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 313-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jon L. Riedel ◽

John J. Clague ◽

Brent C. Ward

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Isotope ◽

Washington State ◽

Cascade Range ◽

Glacial Lake ◽

Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽

Glacier Recession ◽

Alpine Glaciers ◽

Valley Glacier ◽

Skagit Valley ◽

Sand And Gravel

Twenty-two new radiocarbon ages from Skagit valley provide a detailed chronology of alpine glaciation during the Evans Creek stade of the Fraser Glaciation (early marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2) in the Cascade Range, Washington State. Sediments at sites near Concrete, Washington, record two advances of the Baker valley glacier between ca. 30.3 and 19.5 cal ka BP, with an intervening period of glacier recession about 24.9 cal ka BP. The Baker valley glacier dammed lower Skagit valley, creating glacial Lake Concrete, which discharged around the ice dam along Finney Creek, or south into the Sauk valley. Sediments along the shores of Ross Lake in upper Skagit valley accumulated in glacial Lake Skymo after ca. 28.7 cal ka BP behind a glacier flowing out of Big Beaver valley. Horizontally laminated silt and bedded sand and gravel up to 20 m thick record as much as 8000 yr of deposition in these glacially dammed lakes. The data indicate that alpine glaciers in Skagit valley were far less extensive than previously thought. Alpine glaciers remained in advanced positions for much of the Evans Creek stade, which may have ended as early as 20.8 cal ka BP.

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