Carbohydrate counting with a bolus calculator improves post-prandial blood glucose levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps

The diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) will come as an unwelcome surprise to most people. Within a short period of time, the person will have to come to understand and manage this chronic illness. The terminology associated with the T1D condition will also be totally new to the person: diabetes mellitus, pancreas, hyperglycaemia (hyper), hypoglycaemia (hypo), bolus (fast acting insulin), basal (slow acting insulin), ketones and blood glucose levels. The purpose of this article is to assist newly diagnosed patients' understanding of T1D, people who are already living with T1D, carers of people with T1D, partners and family members of someone with T1D, work colleagues, and friends who participate in the same sporting activities or go on holiday with a person who has T1D. In addition, this article reviews how people living with T1D can still enjoy exercise and maintain the best quality of life possible; whilst controlling the blood glucose levels in their body for the rest of their lives to prevent the onset of complications associated with diabetes.

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Effect of delay on measurement of blood glucose levels in young subjects with type 1 diabetes

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2009.06.025 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. e31-e33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniela Elleri ◽

Carlo L. Acerini ◽

Janet M. Allen ◽

Anne-Mette F. Larsen ◽

Malgorzata E. Wilinska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Young Subjects

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CONTROLLING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES USING FITTED Q-ITERATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES

2018 IEEE 28th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP) ◽

10.1109/mlsp.2018.8516946 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonas Nordhaug Myhre ◽

Ilkka K. Launonen ◽

Susan Wei ◽

Fred Godtliebsen

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Functional Features

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The mathematician's control toolbox for management of type 1 diabetes

Interface Focus ◽

10.1098/rsfs.2014.0042 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 20140042 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marie Csete ◽

John Doyle

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Feedback Loop ◽

Artificial Pancreas ◽

Glucagon Release ◽

Control Engineering ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Physiological Feedback

Blood glucose levels are controlled by well-known physiological feedback loops: high glucose levels promote insulin release from the pancreas, which in turn stimulates cellular glucose uptake. Low blood glucose levels promote pancreatic glucagon release, stimulating glycogen breakdown to glucose in the liver. In healthy people, this control system is remarkably good at maintaining blood glucose in a tight range despite many perturbations to the system imposed by diet and fasting, exercise, medications and other stressors. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from loss of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, the beta cells. These cells serve as both sensor (of glucose levels) and actuator (insulin/glucagon release) in a control physiological feedback loop. Although the idea of rebuilding this feedback loop seems intuitively easy, considerable control mathematics involving multiple types of control schema were necessary to develop an artificial pancreas that still does not function as well as evolved control mechanisms. Here, we highlight some tools from control engineering used to mimic normal glucose control in an artificial pancreas, and the constraints, trade-offs and clinical consequences inherent in various types of control schemes. T1DM can be viewed as a loss of normal physiologic controls, as can many other disease states. For this reason, we introduce basic concepts of control engineering applicable to understanding pathophysiology of disease and development of physiologically based control strategies for treatment.

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