macronutrient intake
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2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e002479
Author(s):  
Takuma Furukawa ◽  
Yuichiro Nishida ◽  
Megumi Hara ◽  
Chisato Shimanoe ◽  
Kayoko Koga ◽  
...  

IntroductionHealthy diet and physical activity (PA) are essential for preventing type 2 diabetes, particularly, a combination of diet and PA. However, reports on interaction between PA and diet, especially from large epidemiological studies, are limited. We investigated the effect of interaction between PA and macronutrient intake on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in the general population.Research design and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 55 469 men and women without diabetes who participated in the baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. A self-administered questionnaire ascertained PA and macronutrient intake (carbohydrate, fat, and protein). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to adjust for confounding variables and examine the interactions. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study during a 5-year period within a subcohort (n=6881) with accelerometer-assessed PA data.ResultsOverall, PA had a weak inverse association (β=−0.00033, p=0.049) and carbohydrate intake had a strong positive association (β=0.00393, p<0.001) with HbA1c. We observed a tendency of interactions between PA and carbohydrate or fat intake, but not protein intake, on HbA1c levels after adjusting for age, sex, study area, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, and medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia (Pinteraction=0.054, 0.006, and 0.156, respectively). The inverse associations between PA and HbA1c level were more evident in participants with high-carbohydrate (or low-fat) intake than in participants with low-carbohydrate (or high-fat) intake. Although further adjustment for body mass index slightly attenuated the above interactions (Pinteraction=0.098 for carbohydrate and 0.068 for fat), the associations between PA and HbA1c level in stratified analyses remained unchanged. Similar associations and interactions were reproduced in the longitudinal study.ConclusionsThe present results suggest that the effect of PA on HbA1c levels is modified by intake of macronutrient composition.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
A. Mireille Baart ◽  
Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma ◽  
Corine W. M. Perenboom ◽  
Jeanne H. M. de Vries ◽  
Edith J. M. Feskens

The role of nutrition in health and disease is well established. However, more research on this topic is needed to fill gaps in our current knowledge. The Lifelines cohort study, a large Dutch prospective cohort study, was established as a resource for international researchers, aiming to obtain insight into the aetiology of healthy ageing. The study started with 167,729 participants, covering three generations, aiming to follow them for thirty years. This article describes the habitual dietary intake, assessed using the Flower Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), among Lifelines cohort study participants at baseline, stratified by sex and different categories of age, socioeconomic status (SES) and body mass index (BMI). A total of 59,982 adults (23,703 men and 36,279 women), who completed the Flower FFQ and reported plausible habitual dietary intake, were included in the analyses. Median daily energy intake was higher in men (2368 kcal) than in women (1848 kcal), as well as macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake decreased with increasing age and BMI categories; no differences were observed between SES categories. Intake of most micronutrients was higher in men than in women. Differences were observed between age categories, but not between SES and BMI categories. Food groups were consumed in different amounts by men and women; differences between age, SES and BMI categories were observed as well. The Lifelines cohort study provides extensive dietary intake data, which are generalisable to the general Dutch population. As such, highly valuable dietary intake data are available to study associations between dietary intake and the development of chronic diseases and healthy aging.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Zhang ◽  
Jiguo Zhang ◽  
Wenwen Du ◽  
Chang Su ◽  
Yifei Ouyang ◽  
...  

Studies on macronutrient intake and obesity have been inconclusive. This study examined the associations between multi-trajectories of macronutrients and the risk of obesity in China. We used data from 7914 adults who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey at least three times from 1991 to 2018. We collected detailed dietary data by conducting three 24 h dietary recalls and weighing foods and condiments in household inventories. We identified multi-trajectories using group-based multi-trajectory models and examined their associations with the risk of obesity with multiple Cox regression models. We found four multi-trajectories in rural areas: balanced macronutrient intake (BM), moderate protein, increasing low fat, and decreasing high carbohydrate (MP&ILF&DHC); decreasing moderate protein, decreasing high fat, and increasing moderate carbohydrate (DMP&DHF&IMC); increasing moderate protein, increasing high fat, and decreasing low carbohydrate (IMP&IHF&DLC)—35.1%, 21.3%, 20.1%, and 23.5% of our rural participant population, respectively. Compared with the BM trajectory, the hazard ratios of obesity in the DMP&DHF&IMC and the IMP&IHF&DLC groups were 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27–0.95) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.28–0.83), respectively, in rural participants. Relatively low carbohydrate and high fat intakes with complementary dynamic trends are associated with a lower risk of obesity in rural Chinese adults.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4539
Author(s):  
Ioannis Papathanail ◽  
Jana Brühlmann ◽  
Maria F. Vasiloglou ◽  
Thomai Stathopoulou ◽  
Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos ◽  
...  

Malnutrition is common, especially among older, hospitalised patients, and is associated with higher mortality, longer hospitalisation stays, infections, and loss of muscle mass. It is therefore of utmost importance to employ a proper method for dietary assessment that can be used for the identification and management of malnourished hospitalised patients. In this study, we propose an automated Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based system that receives input images of the meals before and after their consumption and is able to estimate the patient’s energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fatty acids intake. The system jointly segments the images into the different food components and plate types, estimates the volume of each component before and after consumption, and calculates the energy and macronutrient intake for every meal, based on the kitchen’s menu database. Data acquired from an acute geriatric hospital as well as from our previous study were used for the fine-tuning and evaluation of the system. The results from both our system and the hospital’s standard procedure were compared to the estimations of experts. Agreement was better with the system, suggesting that it has the potential to replace standard clinical procedures with a positive impact on time spent directly with the patients.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4457
Author(s):  
Hyerim Park ◽  
Anthony Kityo ◽  
Yeonjin Kim ◽  
Sang-Ah Lee

Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intake of participants diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the health examinees (HEXA) cohort, considering the plant and animal sources of each macronutrient. We included 130,423 participants aged 40–69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrients stratified by gender. Energy and macronutrient intake were estimated by linking food frequency questionnaire data to the Korean food composition database, and were calculated separately for plant and animal foods. Low energy (men: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98; women: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), and fat intake (men: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96; women: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83) were observed. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97), whereas low fat intake was observed in all women (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08–1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08–1.27) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. Protein intake was low (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95; and OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.94) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12–1.20), and plant protein in both genders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat, and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders was also observed. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source macronutrients, and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adults diagnosed with MetS. Attention should be directed to plant sources of carbohydrates and proteins when designing population interventions for metabolic syndrome reduction in Korea.


Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1292
Author(s):  
Simona Daniele ◽  
Giorgia Scarfò ◽  
Lorenzo Ceccarelli ◽  
Jonathan Fusi ◽  
Elisa Zappelli ◽  
...  

Salivary microbiota, comprising bacteria shed from oral surfaces, has been shown to be individualized, temporally stable, and influenced by macronutrient intake and lifestyle. Nevertheless, the effect of long-term dietary patterns on oral microbiota composition and the relationship between oral microbiota composition and metabolic rate remains to be examined. Herein, salivary microbiota composition and metabolic profile were analyzed in human subjects with vegan (VEG) or Mediterranean (MED) long-term dietary patterns. MED subjects presented significantly higher percentages of Subflava and Prevotella species as compared to VEG ones. Moreover, MED subjects showed a lower carbohydrate and a higher lipid consumption than VEG subjects, and, accordingly, a significantly higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) and a lower respiratory quotient (RQ). Prevotella abundance was demonstrated to be inversely related to RQ and carbohydrate consumption, whereas Subflava percentages were demonstrated to be positively correlated to BMR. Lactobacillus abundance, which was inversely related to Subflava presence in MED subjects, was associated with decreased BMR (Harris–Benedict) values. Overall, our data evidence the influence of macronutrient intake on metabolic profile and oral microbiota and confirm the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on BMR and on the abundance of microbial species associated with a better macronutrient metabolism.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4384
Author(s):  
Nicola Johnstone ◽  
Susannah Dart ◽  
Paul Knytl ◽  
Arjen Nauta ◽  
Kathryn Hart ◽  
...  

Recent interest in the gut-brain-axis has highlighted the potential of prebiotics to impact wellbeing, and to affect behavioral change in humans. In this clinical trial, we examined the impact of four-weeks daily supplementation of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on self-reported nutrient intake and relationships on gut microbiota in a four-week two-armed parallel double-blind placebo controlled GOS supplement trial in young adult females. Food diaries and stool samples were collected prior to and following 28 days of supplement consumption. It was found that four weeks of GOS supplementation influenced macronutrient intake, as evident by reduced carbohydrate and sugars and increased fats intake. Further analysis showed that the reduction in carbohydrates was predicted by increasing abundances of Bifidobacterium in the GOS group in comparison to the placebo group. This suggests that Bifidobacterium increase via GOS supplementation may help improve the gut microbiota composition by altering the desire for specific types of carbohydrates and boosting Bifidobacterium availability when fiber intake is below recommended levels, without compromising appetite for fiber from food.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1544-1548
Author(s):  
Maryati Dewi ◽  
Gina Hanifah ◽  
Asep Iwan Purnawan ◽  
Witri Priawanti Putri ◽  
Gurid Pramintarto Eko Mulyo

BACKGROUND: Athletes’ achievements require the support of sports science and technology. One of the supporting sciences is sports nutrition services by fulfilling athlete nutrition through foodservice and nutrition education in nutrition counseling or nutrition counseling according to the needs and conditions of athletes. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge and macronutrient intake in Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city. METHODS: This type of research is a Quasi experiment by applying a one group pre- and post-test design: Nutrition education using leaflets. The sample is Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city who are actively practicing at the Empire Muaythai Camp as many as ten people. Data were collected by filling in the respondent’s characteristics, knowledge of nutrition, and intake of macronutrients. RESULTS: Based on the Wilcoxon test, it was found that there was an effect of providing nutrition education using leaflets on nutritional knowledge (p = 0.005) and protein intake (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: It is recommended that regular and periodic nutrition education be given to athletes and coaches as well as collaborate with nutritionists regarding nutritional fulfillment for athletes to increase macronutrient intake so that the performance of Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city is optimal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. S692
Author(s):  
P.F.S. Novais ◽  
A.H. Crisp ◽  
V.A. Leandro-Merhi ◽  
R. Verlengia ◽  
I. Rasera ◽  
...  

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