Choline Acetyltransferase Activities in Single Motor Neurons from Vertebrate Spinal Cords

1985 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiko Kato ◽  
Yoshiya L. Murashima
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Single Motor

Differential projection of cholinergic and nitroxidergic neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig stomach

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. G186-G195 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schemann ◽  
C. Schaaf
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Nitroxidergic Neurons ◽  
Guinea Pig Stomach ◽  
Descending Projections

The aim of this study was to investigate the organization of myenteric circuits in the guinea pig stomach. Intracellular neurobiotin injections followed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase reaction were used to identify projections of cholinergic and nitroxidergic neurons. Neurons were classified as motor neurons based on varicose endings in the muscle or the occurrence of retraction bulbs, as nonmotor neurons if varicose endings terminated onto other ganglion cells, or as multitargeted neurons. ChAT-positive cells are composed of 64% motor, 27% nonmotor, and 9% multitargeted neurons. The percentages for NADPH-reactive motor, nonmotor, and multitargeted neurons were 57, 39, and 4%, respectively. The majority of ChAT-positive motor (81%) and nonmotor neurons (85%) had ascending projections. In contrast, the majority of NADPH-reactive motor (86%) and nonmotor neurons (86%) had descending projections. Cell bodies of ascending neurons were smaller in size than the descending neurons. The results indicate that ChAT- and NADPH-neurons in the stomach have preferred projections, the former being primarily ascending, the latter mainly descending neurons. This suggests the existence of a basic circuit for polarized reflexes in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, which might mediate descending relaxation and ascending excitation.

Detecting and decoding spiking activity from sample populations of single motor neurons using wearable sensors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordyn J. Ting ◽  
Alessandro Del Vecchio ◽  
Nikhil Verma ◽  
Dev Sarma ◽  
Nicholas Annetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Spiking Activity

Baro-Activated Neurons With Pulse-Modulated Activity in the Rat Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla Express GAD67 mRNA

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1265-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Schreihofer ◽  
Patrice G. Guyenet
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflex ◽  
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Multiple Targets ◽  
Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla

GABAergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are believed to mediate the sympathetic baroreceptor reflex by inhibiting presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Accordingly, some CVLM neurons are activated by increased arterial pressure (AP; baro-activated), have activity strongly modulated by the AP pulse (pulse-modulated), and can be antidromically activated from the RVLM. This study examined whether baro-activated, pulse-modulated CVLM neurons are indeed GABAergic and examined their structures. We recorded extracellularly from 19 baro-activated, pulse-modulated CVLM neurons in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Most of these cells (13/19) were silenced by decreasing AP with nitroprusside, but some (6/19) remained active at low AP levels. They were also excited by phenyl biguanide (17/17) but inhibited by noxious tail pinch (8/11). Twelve baro-activated cells were filled with biotinamide and examined for expression of GAD67 mRNA. Because adjacent vagal motor neurons are also activated by increased AP, we examined choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Most baro-activated cells (9/12) expressed high levels of GAD67 mRNA, the rest (3/12) displayed lower levels of GAD67 mRNA, but none showed ChAT immunoreactivity. In contrast, adjacent baro-inhibited CVLM cells had no GAD67 mRNA ( n = 5) but were instead tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive ( n = 7). Reconstruction of baro-activated CVLM neurons revealed axons that projected dorsomedially and rostrally with several axon collaterals. These data demonstrate the existence of GABAergic CVLM neurons with the physiological characteristics expected of interneurons that mediate the sympathetic baroreceptor reflex. In addition, baro-activated GABAergic CVLM neurons appear to integrate several types of inputs and provide inhibition to multiple targets.

Motor organization in pharynx of Helix pomatia

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Peters ◽  
U. Altrup
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Cobalt Staining ◽  
Excitatory Junction Potentials ◽  
Individual Motor ◽  
Phase Relationships

Identified motor neurons in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia and pharynx muscles innervated by them were studied with intracellular recording and cobalt staining. Retrograde cobalt staining via the buccal nerves indicated that neurons occupy relatively constant positions within the ganglia. With intracellular cobalt staining it was shown that the shape of a representative motor neuron (B4) is similar in different preparations. In some cases, however, deviations from the normal pattern of axon distribution were found. Presumed motor endings of neuron B4 in the muscle were also visualized with intracellular staining. Recordings from individual motor neurons show typical phase relationships of spontaneous spike activity. Most motor neurons are active in the retraction phase of the radula. Only excitatory motor neurons were found. Most neurons directly supply more than one muscle. Amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (EJP) and plasticity at neuromuscular junctions from one neuron are similar in different muscles. Single muscle fibers receive polyneuronal innervation. Activity of single motor neurons already leads to muscle contraction even without spiking of the muscle cells. Muscle tension depends on integrated EJP size. Most motor neurons supply typical combinations of a set of muscles. Thus, several muscles can be activated synchronously by activity of a single motor neuron. In this way muscle combinations are predetermined morphologically by the peripheral branching patterns of the respective neurons.

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