Effect of Diesel Injection Split on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Low Load Condition

As an inexpensive and low carbon fuel, the combustion of natural gas reduces fuel cost and generates less carbon dioxide emissions than diesel and gasoline. Natural gas is also a clean fuel that generates less particulate matter emissions than diesel during combustion. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines is of great interest for industries. Dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to apply natural gas in internal combustion engines. An issue that to a certain extent offsets the advantage of lower carbon dioxide emissions in natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines is the higher methane emissions and low engine efficiency at low load conditions. In order to seek strategies to improve the performance of dual fuel engines at low load conditions, an experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of diesel injection split on combustion and emissions performance of a heavy duty natural gas–diesel dual fuel engine at a low load. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The effects of diesel injection split ratio and timings were investigated. The engine efficiency and emissions data, including particulate matter, nitric oxides, carbon monoxide and methane were measured and analyzed. The results show that diesel injection split significantly reduced the peak pressure rise rate. As a result, diesel injection split enabled the engine to operate at a more optimal condition at which engine efficiency and methane emissions could be significantly improved compared to single diesel injection.

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Injector Tip Temperature and Combustion Performance of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at Medium and High Load Conditions

Volume 1: Large Bore Engines; Fuels; Advanced Combustion ◽

10.1115/icef2018-9664 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hongsheng Guo ◽

Brian Liko

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

High Load ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Injection Timing ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Combustion Performance ◽

Diesel Injection ◽

Dual Fuel Combustion ◽

Load Conditions

Diesel engines have been widely used due to the higher reliability and superior fuel conversion efficiency. However, they still generate significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Natural gas is a low carbon and clean fuel that generates less CO2 and PM emissions than diesel during combustion. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines help reduce both CO2 and PM emissions. Natural gas – diesel dual fuel combustion is a practical and efficient way to replace diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines. One concern for dual fuel combustion engines is the diesel injector tip temperature increase with increasing natural gas fraction. This paper reports an experimental investigation on the diesel injector tip temperature variation and combustion performance of a natural gas – diesel dual fuel engine at medium and high load conditions. The natural gas fraction was changed from zero to 90% in the experiment. The results suggest that the injector tip temperature increased with increasing natural gas fraction at a given diesel injection timing or with advancing the diesel injection timing at a given natural gas fraction. However, the injector tip temperature never exceeded 250 °C in the whole experimental range. The effect of natural gas fraction on combustion performance depended on engine load and diesel injection timing.

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The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3908

Author(s):

Tara Larsson ◽

Senthil Krishnan Mahendar ◽

Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson ◽

Ulf Olofsson

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The Other ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Engine Efficiency ◽

Spark Timing ◽

Low Load ◽

Oxygenated Fuels ◽

Load Conditions

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

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Paper 1: Critical Factors in the Application of Dual-Fuel Engines

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Proceedings ◽

10.1243/pime_conf_1969_184_465_02 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 184 (16) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

P. W. A. Eke ◽

J. H. Walker ◽

M. A. Williams

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Liquid Form ◽

Compression Ignition Engine ◽

Dual Fuel Engines ◽

Further Development

A dual-fuel engine may be defined as a compression-ignition engine using mainly gaseous fuel but with a small quantity of fuel oil injected as an ignition source; the engine can be changed over instantaneously and under load to operate on liquid fuel alone. The recent availability of natural gas in this country once again attracts the attention of engineers towards gas as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. This paper traces the development of dual-fuel engines, originally using sewage gas and more recently using natural gas, and considers their advantages, both technical and economic, compared with spark-ignited and diesel engines. The dual-fuel engines within the authors' experience are described. The critical factors in handling natural gas in its liquid form are considered, and the extended scope of dual-fuel engines and alternative fuel engines in mobile applications is briefly reviewed. Finally, the paper examines the future for dual-fuel engines and suggests directions in which further development is required.

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A Review on Liquefied Natural Gas as Fuels for Dual Fuel Engines: Opportunities, Challenges and Responses

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13226127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 6127

Author(s):

Md Arman Arefin ◽

Md Nurun Nabi ◽

Md Washim Akram ◽

Mohammad Towhidul Islam ◽

Md Wahid Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Liquefied Natural Gas ◽

Future Research ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Emission Regulations ◽

Dual Fuel Engines ◽

Sustainable Fuels

Climate change and severe emission regulations in many countries demand fuel and engine researchers to explore sustainable fuels for internal combustion engines. Natural gas could be a source of sustainable fuels, which can be produced from renewable sources. This article presents a complete overview of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a potential fuel for diesel engines. An interesting finding from this review is that engine modification and proper utilization of LNG significantly improve system efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which is extremely helpful to sustainable development. Moreover, some major recent researches are also analyzed to find out drawbacks, advancement and future research potential of the technology. One of the major challenges of LNG is its higher flammability that causes different fatal hazards and when using in dual-fuel engine causes knock. Though researchers have been successful to find out some ways to overcome some challenges, further research is necessary to reduce the hazards and make the fuel more effective and environment-friendly when using as a fuel for a diesel engine.

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Combustion Performance and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Low Load Condition

Volume 1: Large Bore Engines; Fuels; Advanced Combustion ◽

10.1115/icef2017-3585 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Hongsheng Guo ◽

Brian Liko ◽

Luis Luque ◽

Jennifer Littlejohns

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Load Condition ◽

Fuel Combustion ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Injection Timing ◽

Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽

Diesel Injection ◽

Dual Fuel Engines ◽

Dual Fuel Combustion

The combustion of natural gas reduces fuel cost and generates less emissions of carbon dioxide and particulate matter than diesel and gasoline. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines is of great interest for transportation and stationary power generation. Dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to burn natural gas in internal combustion engines. In natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines, unburned hydrocarbon emissions increase with increasing natural gas fraction. Many studies have been conducted to improve the performance of natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines and reported the performance of combustion and emissions of regulated pollutants and total unburned hydrocarbon at various engine operating strategies. However, little has been reported on the emissions of different unburned hydrocarbon components. In this paper, an experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the combustion performance and emissions of various unburned hydrocarbon components, including methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, at a low engine load condition. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The combustion and emissions performance of pure diesel and natural gas–diesel dual fuel combustion were compared. The effect of diesel injection timing was analyzed. The results show that appropriately advancing diesel injection timing to form a homogeneous charge compression ignition-like combustion is beneficial to natural gas–diesel dual fuel combustion at low load conditions. The emissions of different unburned hydrocarbon components changed in dual fuel combustion, with emissions of some unburned hydrocarbon components being primarily due to the combustion of natural gas, while those of others being more related to diesel combustion.

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Combustion Performance and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Low Load Condition

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4039758 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 140 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hongsheng Guo ◽

Brian Liko ◽

Luis Luque ◽

Jennifer Littlejohns

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Load Condition ◽

Fuel Combustion ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Injection Timing ◽

Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽

Diesel Injection ◽

Dual Fuel Engines ◽

Dual Fuel Combustion

The combustion of natural gas reduces fuel cost and generates less emissions of carbon dioxide and particulate matter (PM) than diesel and gasoline. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines is of great interest for transportation and stationary power generation. Dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to burn natural gas in internal combustion engines. In natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines, unburned hydrocarbon emissions increase with increasing natural gas fraction. Many studies have been conducted to improve the performance of natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines and reported the performance of combustion and emissions of regulated pollutants and total unburned hydrocarbon at various engine operating strategies. However, little has been reported on the emissions of different unburned hydrocarbon components. In this paper, an experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the combustion performance and emissions of various unburned hydrocarbon components, including methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, at a low engine load condition. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature, and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The combustion and emissions performance of pure diesel and natural gas–diesel dual fuel combustion were compared. The effect of diesel injection timing was analyzed. The results show that appropriately advancing diesel injection timing to form a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)-like combustion is beneficial to natural gas–diesel dual fuel combustion at low load conditions. The emissions of different unburned hydrocarbon components changed in dual fuel combustion, with emissions of some unburned hydrocarbon components being primarily due to the combustion of natural gas, while those of others being more related to diesel combustion.

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