In Vitro Nonlinear Viscoelastic Characterization of the Porcine Spinal Cord

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snehal S. Shetye ◽  
Kevin L. Troyer ◽  
Femke Streijger ◽  
Jae Lee ◽  
Brian K. Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Nonlinear Viscoelastic ◽  
Static Mechanical

Approximately 12,400 new cases of spinal cord injuries (SCI) are reported in the United States every year. It has been estimated that the annual financial burden of SCI in the United States is approximately $7.736 billion. The mechanisms of mechanical damage to the spinal cord can be broadly classified into distraction, dislocation or contusion. Distraction injuries are predominantly caused by rapid acceleration-deceleration of the cervical spine. Vertebral burst fractures commonly result in contusion of the spinal cord and relative dislocation of adjacent vertebrae can inter-segmentally shear the spinal cord resulting in injury. Multiple studies have examined the quasi-static mechanical properties of the spinal cord [1–3]. However, considering that most spinal cord injuries occur during dynamic events with relatively high strain rates (ex: 10/s), alarmingly few studies have investigated the time-dependent mechanical characteristics of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Economic impact of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Merritt ◽  
Matthew A. Taylor ◽  
Caleb J. Yelton ◽  
Swapan K. Ray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
The United States

Unstable Spinal Fractures

2019 ◽  
pp. 621-626
Author(s):  
William E. Clifton ◽  
Mark A. Pichelmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Fractures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spinal Injuries ◽  
Neurologic Injury ◽  
Critical Care Management ◽  
Sacral Spine

Traumatic spinal injuries occur relatively frequently, with an annual incidence of about 12,000 patients per year in the United States. Modern advances in critical care management of patients with spinal injuries and spinal cord injuries have greatly decreased mortality. Therefore, the prevalence in the United States is more than 200,000 patients per year. The importance of early diagnosis and proper management of acute spinal fractures cannot be understated. This chapter reviews the different types of bony and ligamentous disruption in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine that can lead to new or worsened neurologic injury if left untreated.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

scholarly journals Assessing the Phytosanitary Risk Posed by an Intraspecific Invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2055-2063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Dennert ◽  
Joana Beatrice Meyer ◽  
Daniel Rigling ◽  
Simone Prospero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
New Host ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures

Intraspecific cryptic invasions may occur when new strains of an invasive species are introduced into an area where this species had already been introduced previously. In plant pathogens, such invasions are not well studied, even if, potentially, they can have severe consequences. Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) non-European strains are more virulent on Castanea sativa than those already present in Europe because they have never encountered this new host, and (ii) the variation in virulence among strains is higher within native than within introduced populations. In a greenhouse, 2-year-old C. sativa seedlings were inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica strains from South Korea, the United States, and Switzerland, and lesion development and seedling mortality were recorded weekly. Additionally, growth and sporulation of the strains were measured in vitro on agar medium at 15 and 24°C. Although lesion growth was similar for all strains, seedlings inoculated with strains from South Korea and Switzerland died faster than seedlings inoculated with strains from the United States. Moreover, in vitro strains from South Korea grew faster and produced more spores at both temperatures than the strains from the other two countries. In conclusion, our results did not support the two hypotheses. All strains, regardless of their origin, were found to be highly virulent on the inoculated chestnut seedlings. Nevertheless, current phytosanitary measures to avoid the introduction of new genotypes of C. parasitica into Europe should be further implemented.

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