Histogram estimation-scheme-based steganalysis defeating the steganography using pixel-value differencing and modulus function

In the era of cloud computing and Big Data, steganographic methods are playing a pivotal role to provide security to sensitive contents. In the steganographic domain, pixel-value differencing (PVD) proposed by Wu and Tsai has been one of the most researched and popular methods as the PVD technique provides good quality stego-image along with high embedding capacity. This article extends the Wu and Tsai's work by proposing a new hybrid steganography scheme which works in two phases to increase the embedding capacity along with stego-image quality. In the first phase, the cover image is preprocessed using a segmentation table to make the image more robust for PVD method. In the second phase, the resultant image is partitioned into 2×1 pixels size blocks in a non-overlapping fashion and then modulus function based scheme is applied in reversible manner. Thus, a significant amount of secret data is embedded into the image. The experimental results prove that the proposed scheme has significantly improved in embedding capacity and quality as compared to the other related PVD-based methods.

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Steganography with pixel-value differencing and modulus function based on PSO

Journal of Information Security and Applications ◽

10.1016/j.jisa.2018.10.006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhaotong Li ◽

Ying He

Keyword(s):

Modulus Function ◽

Pixel Value ◽

Pixel Value Differencing

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Steganography Techniques Based on Modulus Function and PVD Against PDH Analysis and FOBP

Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7516-0.ch007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 157-184

Keyword(s):

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Modulus Function ◽

Evaluation Function ◽

Embedding Capacity ◽

Least Significant Bit ◽

Rs Analysis ◽

Block Data ◽

Pixel Value ◽

Pixel Value Differencing

This chapter proposes two improved steganography techniques by addressing two problems in the existing literature. The first proposed technique is modulus function-based steganography and it addresses pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. The modulus function is used to calculate an evaluation function and based on the value of the evaluation function embedding decision is taken. There are two variants of this technique: (1) modulus 9 steganography and (2) modulus 16 steganography. In modulus 9 steganography, the embedding capacity in a pair of pixels is 3 bits, and in modulus 16 steganography the embedding capacity in a pair of pixels is 4 bits. Both the variants possess higher PSNR values. The experimental results prove that the PDH analysis cannot detect this technique. The second proposed technique is based on pixel value differencing with modified least significant bit (MLSB) substitution and it addresses fall off boundary problem (FOBP). This technique operates on 2×2 pixel blocks. In one of the pixels of a block data hiding is performed using MLSB substitution. Based on the new value of this pixel, three difference values with three neighboring pixels are calculated. Using these difference values, PVD approach is applied. Experimental results prove that the PDH analysis and RS analysis is unable to detect this proposed technique. The recorded values of bit rate and peak signal-to-noise ratio are also satisfactory.

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