ABSTRACT
The key ingredient of active galactic nuclei (AGN) unification, the dusty obscuring torus was so far held responsible for the observed mid-infrared (MIR) emission of AGN. However, the best studied objects with Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI)/MID-infrared Interferometric instrument (MIDI) show that instead a polar dusty wind is dominating these wavelengths, leaving little room for a torus contribution. But is this wind a ubiquitous part of the AGN? To test this, we conducted a straightforward detection experiment, using the upgraded Very Large Telescope (VLT)/VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-InfraRed (VISIR) for deep subarcsecond resolution MIR imaging of a sample of nine [O iv]-bright, obscured AGN, all of which were predicted to have detectable polar emission. Indeed, the new data reveal such emission in all objects but one. We further estimate lower limits on the extent of the polar dust and show that the polar dust emission is dominating the total MIR emission of the AGN. These findings support the scenario that polar dust is not only ubiquitous in AGN but also an integral part of its structure, processing a significant part of the primary radiation. The polar dust has to be optically thin on average, which explains e.g. the small dispersion in the observed MIR–X-ray luminosity correlation. At the same time, it has to be taken into account when deriving covering factors of obscuring material from MIR to bolometric luminosity ratios. Finally, we find a new tentative trend of increasing MIR emission size with increasing Eddington ratio.
Mid-infrared imaging of NGC 1068 with VISIR at the Very Large Telescope
