Array gain of a broadside vertical line array in shallow water

Array gain (AG) is significant in evaluating the detection performance of the vertical line array, which is directly determined by the correlation of signal and noise, respectively. In this paper, we analyze the vertical correlation for a 16-element vertical line array experimented in the deep ocean in 2016. The ray interference theory is utilized to interpret the mechanism of the vertical correlation of the sound field in different zones. In the direct-arrival zone, the direct rays and once-surface-reflected rays are two dominated components, whose arrival time difference for each element are nearly the same, and the vertical correlation is high. In the shadow zone, the sound field is mainly dominated by bottom-reflected rays and the vertical correlation decreases due to different grazing angles and arrival times of each ray. Different from the previous assumption of noise independence, the effect of noise correlation on the AG is analyzed through the measured marine environmental noise. Results indicate that the noise correlation coefficients in two zones are low but not 0. In the direct-arrival zone, AG is about 10 dB, very close to the ideal value of 10 log M . AG even exceeds it when NG is negative. Moreover, AG in the direct-arrival zone is higher than the one in the shadow zone.

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Vertical directionality of a source observed by a short vertical line array in shallow water

2016 IEEE/OES China Ocean Acoustics (COA) ◽

10.1109/coa.2016.7535786 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tongwei Zhang ◽

Kunde Yang ◽

Yeyao Liu ◽

Bo Yang

Keyword(s):

Shallow Water ◽

Vertical Line ◽

Line Array

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Reliable Acoustic Path and Direct-Arrival Zone Spatial Gain Analysis for a Vertical Line Array

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18103462 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 3462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chunyu Qiu ◽

Shuqing Ma ◽

Yu Chen ◽

Zhou Meng ◽

Jianfei Wang

Keyword(s):

Sound Propagation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Deep Ocean ◽

Vertical Line ◽

Horizontal Line ◽

Acoustic Path ◽

Vertical Arrays ◽

Peak Structure ◽

Line Array ◽

Propagation Properties

A method is developed in this paper to calculate the spatial gain of a vertical line array when the plane-wave assumption is not applicable and when the oceanic ambient noise is correlated. The proposed optimal array gain (OAG), which can evaluate the array’s performance and effectively guide its deployment, can be given by an equation in which the noise gain (NG) is subtracted from the signal gain (SG); hence, a high SG and a negative NG can enhance the performance of the array. OAGs and SGs with different array locations are simulated and analyzed based on the sound propagation properties of the direct-arrival zone (DAZ) and the reliable acoustic path (RAP) using ray theory. SG and NG are related to the correlation coefficients of the signals and noise, respectively, and the vertical correlation is determined by the structures of the multipath arrivals. The SG in the DAZ is always high because there is little difference between the multipath waves, while the SG in the RAP changes with the source-receiver range because of the variety of structure in the multiple arrivals. The SG under different conditions is simulated in this work. The “dual peak” structure can often be observed in the vertical directionality pattern of the noise because of the presence of bottom reflection and deep sound channel. When the directions of the signal and noise are close, the conventional beamformer will enhance the correlation of not only the signals but also the noise; thus, the directivity of the signals and noise are analyzed. Under the condition of having a typical sound speed profile, the OAG in some areas of the DAZ and RAP can achieve high values and even exceed the ideal gain of horizontal line array 10 logN dB, while, in some other areas, it will be lowered because of the influence of the NG. The proposed method of gain analysis can provide analysis methods for vertical arrays in the deep ocean under many conditions with references. The theory and simulation are tested by experimental data.

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