Cycling Time Trial Performance 4 Hours After Glycogen-Lowering Exercise Is Similarly Enhanced by Recovery Nondairy Chocolate Beverages Versus Chocolate Milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam U. Upshaw ◽  
Tiffany S. Wong ◽  
Arash Bandegan ◽  
Peter W.R. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Dairy Milk ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Postexercise chocolate milk ingestion has been shown to enhance both glycogen resynthesis and subsequent exercise performance. To assess whether nondairy chocolate beverage ingestion post–glycogen-lowering exercise can enhance 20-km cycling time trial performance 4 hr later, eight healthy trained male cyclists (21.8 ± 2.3y, VO2max = 61.2 ± 1.4 ml·kg-1·min-1; M ± SD) completed a series of intense cycling intervals designed to lower muscle glycogen (Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2003) followed by 4 hr of recovery and a subsequent 20-km cycling time trial. During the first 2 hr of recovery, participants ingested chocolate dairy milk (DAIRYCHOC), chocolate soy beverage (SOYCHOC), chocolate hemp beverage (HEMPCHOC), low-fat dairy milk (MILK), or a low-energy artificially sweetened, flavored beverage (PLACEBO) at 30-min intervals in a double-blind, counterbalanced repeated-measures design. All drinks, except the PLACEBO (247 kJ) were isoenergetic (2,107 kJ), and all chocolate-flavored drinks provided 1-g CHO·kg body mass-1·h-1. Fluid intake across treatments was equalized (2,262 ± 148 ml) by ingesting appropriate quantities of water based on drink intake. The CHO:PRO ratio was 4:1, 1.5:1, 4:1, and 6:1 for DAIRYCHOC, MILK, SOYCHOC, and HEMPCHOC, respectively. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed time trial performance (DAIRYCHOC = 34.58 ± 2.5 min, SOYCHOC = 34.83 ± 2.2 min, HEMPCHOC = 34.88 ± 1.1 min, MILK = 34.47 ± 1.7 min) was enhanced similarly vs PLACEBO (37.85 ± 2.1) for all treatments (p = .019) These data suggest that postexercise macronutrient and total energy intake are more important for same-day 20-km cycling time trial performance after glycogen-lowering exercise than protein type or protein-to-carbohydrate ratio.

Improved Cycling Time-Trial Performance after Ingestion of a Caffeine Energy Drink

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ivy ◽  
Lynne Kammer ◽  
Zhenping Ding ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
Jeffrey R. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Not all athletic competitions lend themselves to supplementation during the actual event, underscoring the importance of preexercise supplementation to extend endurance and improve exercise performance. Energy drinks are composed of ingredients that have been found to increase endurance and improve physical performance.Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink, ingested before exercise, on endurance performance.Methods:The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a 12-hr fast, 6 male and 6 female trained cyclists (mean age 27.3 ± 1.7 yr, mass 68.9 ± 3.2 kg, and VO2 54.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg–1 · min–1) consumed 500 ml of either flavored placebo or Red Bull Energy Drink (ED; 2.0 g taurine, 1.2 g glucuronolactone, 160 mg caffeine, 54 g carbohydrate, 40 mg niacin, 10 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 10 μg vitamin B12) 40 min before a simulated cycling time trial. Performance was measured as time to complete a standardized amount of work equal to 1 hr of cycling at 70% Wmax.Results:Performance improved with ED compared with placebo (3,690 ± 64 s vs. 3,874 ± 93 s, p < .01), but there was no difference in rating of perceived exertion between treatments. β-Endorphin levels increased during exercise, with the increase for ED approaching significance over placebo (p = .10). Substrate utilization, as measured by open-circuit spirometry, did not differ between treatments.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that consuming a commercially available ED before exercise can improve endurance performance and that this improvement might be in part the result of increased effort without a concomitant increase in perceived exertion.

scholarly journals Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Affect the Ergogenicity of Coffee Ingestion During a 5 km Cycling Time Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Neil D. Clarke ◽  
Darren L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Caffeinated Coffee ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

There is growing evidence that caffeine and coffee ingestion prior to exercise provide similar ergogenic benefits. However, there has been a long-standing paradigm that habitual caffeine intake may influence the ergogenicity of caffeine supplementation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of habitual caffeine intake on 5-km cycling time-trial performance following the ingestion of caffeinated coffee. Following institutional ethical approval, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled design, 46 recreationally active participants (27 men and 19 women) completed a 5-km cycling time trial on a cycle ergometer 60 m in following the ingestion of 0.09 g/kg coffee providing 3 mg/kg of caffeine, or a placebo. Habitual caffeine consumption was assessed using a caffeine consumption questionnaire with low habitual caffeine consumption defined as <3 and ≥6 mg · kg−1 · day−1 defined as high. An analysis of covariance using habitual caffeine intake as a covariant was performed to establish if habitual caffeine consumption had an impact on the ergogenic effect of coffee ingestion. Sixteen participants were classified as high-caffeine users and 30 as low. Ingesting caffeinated coffee improved 5-km cycling time-trial performance by 8 ± 12 s; 95% confidence interval (CI) [5, 13]; p < .001; d = 0.30, with low, 9±14 s; 95% CI [3, 14]; p = .002; d = 0.18, and high, 8 ± 10 s; 95% CI [−1, 17]; p = .008; d = 0.06, users improving by a similar magnitude, 95% CI [−12, 12]; p = .946; d = 0.08. In conclusion, habitual caffeine consumption did not affect the ergogenicity of coffee ingestion prior to a 5-km cycling time trial.

scholarly journals Isocaloric Carbohydrate Versus Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion and Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Toone ◽  
James A. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Protein Ingestion ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

This study was designed to compare the effects of energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) supplements on cycling time-trial performance. Twelve competitive male cyclists and triathletes each completed 2 trials in a randomized and counterbalanced order that were separated by 5–10 d and applied in a double-blind manner. Participants performed a 45-min variable-intensity exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer while ingesting either a 9% CHO solution or a mixture of 6.8% CHO plus 2.2% protein in volumes providing 22 kJ/kg body mass. Participants were then asked to cycle 6 km in the shortest time possible. Blood glucose and lactate concentrations were measured every 15 min during exercise, along with measures of substrate oxidation via indirect calorimetry, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion. Mean time to complete the 6-km time trial was 433 ± 21 s in CHO trials and 438 ± 22 s in CHO-PRO trials, which represents a 0.94% (CI: 0.01, 1.86) decrement in performance with the inclusion of protein (p = .048). However, no other variable measured in this study was significantly different between trials. Reducing the quantity of CHO included in a supplement and replacing it with protein may not represent an effective nutritional strategy when the supplement is ingested during exercise. This may reflect the central ergogenic influence of exogenous CHO during such activity.

Acute Prior Heavy Strength Exercise Bouts Improve the 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 2513-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato A.S. Silva ◽  
Fernando L. Silva-Júnior ◽  
Fabiano A. Pinheiro ◽  
Patrícia F.M. Souza ◽  
Daniel A. Boullosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Strength Exercise ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Practical precooling: Effect on cycling time trial performance in warm conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1477-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Quod ◽  
David T. Martin ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Andrew S. Gardner ◽  
Shona L. Halson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Cycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Oosthuyse ◽  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Susan Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Beneficial Effects of Ice Ingestion as a Precooling Strategy on 40-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ihsan ◽  
Grant Landers ◽  
Matthew Brearley ◽  
Peter Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Purpose:The effect of crushed ice ingestion as a precooling method on 40-km cycling time trial (CTT) performance was investigated.Methods:Seven trained male subjects underwent a familiarization trial and two experimental CTT which were preceded by 30 min of either crushed ice ingestion (ICE) or tap water (CON) consumption amounting to 6.8 g⋅kg-1 body mass. The CTT required athletes to complete 1200 kJ of work on a wind-braked cycle ergometer. During the CTT, gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, cycling time, power output, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RPTS) were measured at set intervals of work.Results:Precooling lowered the Tgi after ICE significantly more than CON (36.74 ± 0.67°C vs 37.27 ± 0.24°C, P < .05). This difference remained evident until 200 kJ of work was completed on the bike (37.43 ± 0.42°C vs 37.64 ± 0.21°C). No significant differences existed between conditions at any time point for Tsk, RPE or HR (P > .05). The CTT completion time was 6.5% faster in ICE when compared with CON (ICE: 5011 ± 810 s, CON: 5359 ± 820 s, P < .05).Conclusions:Crushed ice ingestion was effective in lowering Tgi and improving subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. The mechanisms for this enhanced exercise performance remain to be clarified.

scholarly journals The Threshold Ambient Temperature for the Use of Precooling to Improve Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve H. Faulkner ◽  
Iris Broekhuijzen ◽  
Margherita Raccuglia ◽  
Maarten Hupperets ◽  
Simon G. Hodder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance
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