Using Absolute and Relative Muscle Endurance to Estimate Maximal Strength in Young Athletes

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitions to fatigue (RTF) using absolute and relative muscle-endurance performances to estimate 1-repetition-maximum (1-RM) bench-press performance in high school male athletes.Methods:Members of high school athletic teams (n = 118, age = 16.5 ± 1.1 y, weight = 82.7 ± 18.7 kg) were tested for 1-RM bench press and RTF with an absolute load of 61.4 kg and a relative load that produced 7 to 10 RTF (7- to 10-RM). All participants had completed a minimum of 4 wk of resistance training before measurement.Results:All 7- to 10-RM-prediction equations had higher correlations between predicted and actual 1-RM (r > .98) than the 61.4-kg absolute-load equation (r = .95). Despite the high correlations, only 3 of 11 equations produced predicted values that were nonsignificantly different from actual 1-RM. The best 7- to 10-RM equation predicted 65% of the athletes’ performances within ±4.5 kg of their actual 1-RM. The addition of simple anthropometric dimensions did not increase the validity correlations or decrease the prediction errors.Conclusion:The 7- to 10-RM method can provide an accurate method of estimating strength levels for adjusting loads in a training program and is more accurate for predicting 1-RM bench press in high school athletes than the 61.4-kg repetition method.

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Using Repetitions to Fatigue to Predict One-Repetition Maximum Bench Press in Male High School Athletes

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.16.3.265 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 265-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. L. Mayhew ◽

Chad D. Kerksick ◽

Doug Lentz ◽

John S. Ware ◽

David L. Mayhew

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Bench Press ◽

Adolescent Male ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Male High School ◽

Press Performance ◽

New Equation ◽

High School Athletic

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitions to fatigue (RTF) for estimating one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press performance in male high school athletes. Members of high school athletic teams (N = 213, age = 16.3 ± 1.1 yrs, weight = 79.9 ± 16.7 kg) from four states were tested for 1-RM bench press and RTF after completing 4–6 weeks of resistance training. A new equation for use with male high school athletes was developed from a random sample of 180 participants; it appears to have excellent predictive potential (r = 0.96, SEE = 4.5 kg) and cross-validated well on a subsample (n = 33) from this population (r = 0.98, t = 0.64). Therefore, RTF can be used with acceptable accuracy to estimate maximal strength in the majority of adolescent male athletes who need to handle excessively heavy weights.

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Male Body Esteem and Physical Measurements: Do Leaner, or Stronger, High School Football Players Have a More Positive Body Image?

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.25.3.307 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 307-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David P. MacKinnon ◽

Linn Goldberg ◽

JeeWon Cheong ◽

Diane Elliot ◽

Greg Clarke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Body Image ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bench Press ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Football Players ◽

High School Football ◽

Athletic Competence ◽

Press Performance

This research examined the relationships among body attributes (i.e., body fat percent and bench press performance) and psychological esteem (i.e., perceived athletic competence, body image, and general self-esteem) in high school football players. Structural equation modeling was used to model the relationships among the constructs. Body fat was negatively related to athletic competence and body image, which in turn were positively related to general self-esteem. The role of bench press performance in predicting psychological esteem was inconsistent, however, suggesting that leanness may be more important than body strength for adolescent psychological esteem among high school football players.

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Removal From Activity After Sports- Related Concussion in Sex-Comparable Sports From the Michigan High School Athletic Association

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/03635465211020007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036354652110200

Author(s):

Aaron J. Zynda ◽

Kyle M. Petit ◽

Morgan Anderson ◽

Christopher P. Tomczyk ◽

Tracey Covassin

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Student Athlete ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Certified Athletic Trainers ◽

Reporting Behaviors ◽

Injury Event ◽

Injury Reporting ◽

High School Athletic

Background: Research has demonstrated that female athletes are more likely to report their sports-related concussion (SRC) symptoms compared with male athletes; however, it is unknown if these reporting behaviors correspond to immediate removal from activity in sex-comparable sports. Purpose: To compare the incidence of high school student-athletes removed and not removed from activity after SRC in sex-comparable sports in Michigan. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Participants included student-athletes diagnosed with SRC participating in Michigan High School Athletic Association–sponsored athletic activities (22 sex-comparable sports) between 2016 and 2019. All SRCs were recorded in the association’s Head Injury Reporting System (HIRS) by certified athletic trainers, administrators, or coaches. Removal from activity indicated that the student-athlete was removed from play at the time of an injury event. If the student-athlete reported that his or her suspected injury event occurred earlier during activity or if symptom onset was delayed, “not removed from activity” was entered into the HIRS. Incidence proportions were calculated by dividing SRCs not removed by total SRCs in each sport. Risk ratios were calculated by dividing the incidence proportions of girls not removed by boys not removed in each sport. Results: A total of 4418 (2773 female, 1645 male) SRCs were reported, with the most occurring in female soccer players (n = 1023). Overall, 515 girls and 243 boys were not removed from activity, resulting in incidences of 0.19 (95% CI, 0.17-0.20) and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.13-0.17), respectively. Across all sports, girls were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.09-1.45) times as likely to not be removed from activity compared with boys. Of the sports with the most SRCs—soccer, basketball, baseball/softball, and lacrosse—girls had 1.37 (95% CI, 1.09-1.72), 1.15 (95% CI, 0.89-1.47), 1.19 (95% CI, 0.77-1.84), and 1.35 (95% CI, 0.94-1.95) times the risk of not being removed, respectively. Conclusion: Girls were at greater risk of not being removed from activity compared with boys in sex-comparable sports. Results from this study should be incorporated into SRC education in Michigan and potentially elsewhere to inform affiliated personnel of potential sex differences and protect female student-athletes from further harm.

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The Relation of Performance Norms and Cohesiveness for Japanese School Athletic Teams

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1992.74.3c.1096 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 74 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1096-1098 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Myung-Soo Kim ◽

Yoshio Sugiyama

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Group Cohesiveness ◽

Total Field ◽

Present Purpose ◽

Athletic Teams ◽

High School Athletic

Carron has suggested that within sports groups' performance, the attitudes shared among members about the level of performance to be achieved and group cohesiveness, which is defined as the total field of forces that act on members to remain in the group, are interrelated. The present purpose was to confirm quantitatively the relation of teams' performance norms and their cohesiveness, so 1972 subjects from 114 Japanese high school athletic teams were administered questionnaires on their performance norms and cohesiveness. Pearson rs for performance norms were significantly correlated (.27, .35, .65, and .26) with 4 measures of cohesiveness, thereby supporting Carron's suggestion.

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Implementation of the FIFA 11+ Injury Prevention Program by High School Athletic Teams Did Not Reduce Lower Extremity Injuries: Response

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546520915187 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. NP36-NP37

Author(s):

Bruce D. Beynnon ◽

Pamela Vacek ◽

Timothy W. Tourville ◽

Rebecca Choquette ◽

Chongyang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Injury Prevention ◽

Prevention Program ◽

Lower Extremity Injuries ◽

Athletic Teams ◽

Injury Prevention Program ◽

High School Athletic ◽

Extremity Injuries

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High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males

The Review of Black Political Economy ◽

10.1007/bf02911828 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 65-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Bradley T. Ewing

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Human Capital ◽

Black Males ◽

Black Male ◽

Athletic Participation ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

High School Athletics ◽

Male Athletes ◽

High School Athletic

This article examines the effects of high school athletic participation on the future wages of black males. Our evidence suggests that former black male athletes receive significantly greater wages than their otherwise comparable counterparts. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for the analysis and allows for comparisons of the athlete premium to be made at different points in time. Both the human capital and signaling models are discussed. There appears to be a once and for all enhancement to human capital that accrues to black males who participated in high school athletics. The article adds to the literature on determinants of black male wages and on the earnings effects of athletic participation.

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Implementation of the FIFA 11+ Injury Prevention Program by High School Athletic Teams Did Not Reduce Lower Extremity Injuries: Letter to the Editor

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546520915185 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. NP36-NP36

Author(s):

Gregory T. Lichtman

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Injury Prevention ◽

Prevention Program ◽

Lower Extremity Injuries ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

Athletic Teams ◽

Injury Prevention Program ◽

High School Athletic ◽

Extremity Injuries

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Compliance and Fidelity With an Injury Prevention Exercise Program in High School Athletics

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/19417381211043120 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812110431

Author(s):

Mickey I. Krug ◽

Pamela M. Vacek ◽

Rebecca Choquette ◽

Bruce D. Beynnon ◽

James R. Slauterbeck

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Injury Prevention ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Online Survey ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

American Football ◽

School Level ◽

Program Compliance ◽

Athletic Teams ◽

High School Athletic

Background: Use of injury prevention programs (IPPs) by high school athletes has increased but their success in reducing injury depends on program compliance and fidelity of exercise performance. Hypothesis: Compliance with the 11+ IPP and exercise performance fidelity by high school athletic teams depend on sex, sport, and level of play. Study Design: Secondary analyses of data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: The 11+ IPP was implemented by 100 male and female high school athletic teams (American football, soccer, basketball, and lacrosse). Team compliance and fidelity with the program were evaluated by direct observation of warm-up routines and a weekly online survey completed by coaches. Differences in compliance and fidelity due to sport, sex, and level of play were assessed by analysis of variance. Results: Coaches reported that their teams performed the full IPP an average of 1.45 times per week, and 28% of observed warm-ups included all exercises in the IPP. Compliance differed by sport but not by level of play or the athletes’ sex. At the end of the season, cueing was observed 19% of the time and differed by sport. Good technique was observed 66% of the time and varied by level of play. Conclusion: Team compliance with the IPP varied by sport and was below the recommended number of sessions per week needed to reduce injury. Removal of implementation barriers and improved support from coaches are needed at all levels of play for IPPs to be effective. Clinical Relevance: Clinical and sports practitioners intending to implement an IPP at the high school level should anticipate and address barriers that affect program compliance and fidelity of exercise performance. Frequent follow-up and instruction may be necessary for successful adoption of the IPP.

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