Erratum for Sun et al., “Zoonotic Risk, Pathogenesis, and Transmission of Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus”

ABSTRACT Two subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV), avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 (CIV-H3N2) and equine-origin CIV H3N8 (CIV-H3N8), are enzootic in the canine population. Dogs have been demonstrated to seroconvert in response to diverse IAVs, and naturally occurring reassortants of CIV-H3N2 and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) have been isolated. We conducted a thorough phenotypic evaluation of CIV-H3N2 in order to assess its threat to human health. Using ferret-generated antiserum, we determined that CIV-H3N2 is antigenically distinct from contemporary human H3N2 IAVs, suggesting that there may be minimal herd immunity in humans. We assessed the public health risk of CIV-H3N2 × pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) reassortants by characterizing their in vitro genetic compatibility and in vivo pathogenicity and transmissibility. Using a luciferase minigenome assay, we quantified the polymerase activity of all possible 16 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP) between CIV-H3N2 and pdmH1N1, identifying some combinations that were more active than either parental virus complex. Using reverse genetics and fixing the CIV-H3N2 hemagglutinin (HA), we found that 51 of the 127 possible reassortant viruses were viable and able to be rescued. Nineteen of these reassortant viruses had high-growth phenotypes in vitro, and 13 of these replicated in mouse lungs. A single reassortant with the NP and HA gene segments from CIV-H3N2 was selected for characterization in ferrets. The reassortant was efficiently transmitted by contact but not by the airborne route and was pathogenic in ferrets. Our results suggest that CIV-H3N2 reassortants may pose a moderate risk to public health and that the canine host should be monitored for emerging IAVs. IMPORTANCE IAV pandemics are caused by the introduction of novel viruses that are capable of efficient and sustained transmission into a human population with limited herd immunity. Dogs are a a potential mixing vessel for avian and mammalian IAVs and represent a human health concern due to their susceptibility to infection, large global population, and close physical contact with humans. Our results suggest that humans are likely to have limited preexisting immunity to CIV-H3N2 and that CIV-H3N2 × pdmH1N1 reassortants have moderate genetic compatibility and are transmissible by direct contact in ferrets. Our study contributes to the increasing evidence that surveillance of the canine population for IAVs is an important component of pandemic preparedness.

Download Full-text

Corrigendum to “Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus circulating in farmed dogs in Guangdong, China” [Inf. Gen. Evol. 14 (2013) 444–449]

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.021 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 250

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza

Download Full-text

Comparative analysis of virulence of a novel, avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus in various host species

Virus Research ◽

10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 195 ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Kwang-Soo Lyoo ◽

Jeong-Ki Kim ◽

Bokyu Kang ◽

Hyoungjoon Moon ◽

Jongman Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Host Species ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza

Download Full-text

Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.03395-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 5406-5418 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Henan Zhu ◽

Joseph Hughes ◽

Pablo R. Murcia

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

North American ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Canine Influenza

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼700 million.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Canine Influenza Virus A (H3N2) Circulating in Dogs in China from 2016 to 2018

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13112279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2279

Author(s):

Yuanguo Li ◽

Xinghai Zhang ◽

Yuxiu Liu ◽

Ye Feng ◽

Tiecheng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Species ◽

H3n2 Virus ◽

Epidemic Strain ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Canine Influenza Virus ◽

Highly Efficient ◽

Zoonotic Risk ◽

Serological Surveillance ◽

Canine Influenza

Avian H3N2 influenza virus follows cross-host transmission and has spread among dogs in Asia since 2005. After 2015–2016, a new H3N2 subtype canine influenza epidemic occurred in dogs in North America and Asia. The disease prevalence was assessed by virological and serological surveillance in dogs in China. Herein, five H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) strains were isolated from 1185 Chinese canine respiratory disease samples in 2017–2018; these strains were on the evolutionary branch of the North American CIVs after 2016 and genetically far from the classical canine H3N2 strain discovered in China before 2016. Serological surveillance showed an HI antibody positive rate of 6.68%. H3N2 was prevalent in the coastal areas and northeastern regions of China. In 2018, it became the primary epidemic strain in the country. The QK01 strain of H3N2 showed high efficiency in transmission among dogs through respiratory droplets. Nevertheless, the virus only replicated in the upper respiratory tract and exhibited low pathogenicity in mice. Furthermore, highly efficient transmission by direct contact other than respiratory droplet transmission was found in a guinea pig model. The low-level replication in avian species other than ducks could not facilitate contact and airborne transmission in chickens. The current results indicated that a novel H3N2 virus has become a predominant epidemic strain in dogs in China since 2016 and acquired highly efficient transmissibility but could not be replicated in avian species. Thus, further monitoring is required for designing optimal immunoprophylactic tools for dogs and estimating the zoonotic risk of CIV in China.

Download Full-text