scholarly journals Quantitation of Latent Varicella-Zoster Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Genomes in Human Trigeminal Ganglia

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 10514-10518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie R. Pevenstein ◽  
Richard K. Williams ◽  
Daniel McChesney ◽  
Erik K. Mont ◽  
John E. Smialek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Virus Genomes ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Using real-time fluorescence PCR, we quantitated the numbers of copies of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) genomes in 15 human trigeminal ganglia. Eight (53%) and 1 (7%) of 15 ganglia were PCR positive for HSV-1 or -2 glycoprotein G genes, with means of 2,902 ± 1,082 (standard error of the mean) or 109 genomes/105 cells, respectively. Eleven of 14 (79%) to 13 of 15 (87%) of the ganglia were PCR positive for VZV gene 29, 31, or 62. Pooling of the results for the three VZV genes yielded a mean of 258 ± 38 genomes/105 ganglion cells. These levels of latent viral genome loads have implications for virus distribution in and reactivation from human sensory ganglia.

Viable herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus in the trigeminal ganglia of human cadavers

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisako Saitoh ◽  
Yuko Momma ◽  
Hiroyuki Inoue ◽  
Daisuke Yajima ◽  
Hirotaro Iwase
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Simplex Virus

Herpesvirus Infections

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Herpes Infection ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

The herpes group of viruses is composed of at least eight human viruses and numerous animal viruses. The human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus types 6 (HHV-6), 7 (HHV-7), and 8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus). Human herpesviruses share the properties of latency and reactivation. Members of the group can cause productive lytic infections, in which infectious virus is produced and cells are killed, or nonproductive lytic infections, in which viral DNA persists but complete replication does not occur and cells survive. After acute lytic infections, herpesviruses often persist in a latent form for years; periodic reactivations are followed by recurrent lytic infections. Sites of latency vary: HSV and VZV persist in neural ganglion cells, EBV persists in B cells, and CMV probably remains latent in many cell types. The sites of latency for HHV-6 and HHV-7 have not been identified, although both herpesviruses have been detected in salivary glands. All human herpesviruses have a worldwide distribution. Considerable efforts are being directed toward the development of vaccines and antiviral agents that will be active against herpesviruses. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus and their clinical syndromes. The descriptions of the clinical syndromes include complications and clinical features, as well as descriptions of symptoms. Tables provide information on chemotherapy for primary genital and mucocutaneous herpes infection, suppression of severe and recurring genital herpes infection, and varicella-zoster infection. Figures provide photographic illustrations of the various clinical syndromes. A sidebar about herpesvirus information on the Internet provides further detail. This review contains 123 references, 4 tables, and 6 highly rendered figures.

Herpesvirus Infections

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Herpes Infection ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

The herpes group of viruses is composed of at least eight human viruses and numerous animal viruses. The human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus types 6 (HHV-6), 7 (HHV-7), and 8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus). Human herpesviruses share the properties of latency and reactivation. Members of the group can cause productive lytic infections, in which infectious virus is produced and cells are killed, or nonproductive lytic infections, in which viral DNA persists but complete replication does not occur and cells survive. After acute lytic infections, herpesviruses often persist in a latent form for years; periodic reactivations are followed by recurrent lytic infections. Sites of latency vary: HSV and VZV persist in neural ganglion cells, EBV persists in B cells, and CMV probably remains latent in many cell types. The sites of latency for HHV-6 and HHV-7 have not been identified, although both herpesviruses have been detected in salivary glands. All human herpesviruses have a worldwide distribution. Considerable efforts are being directed toward the development of vaccines and antiviral agents that will be active against herpesviruses. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus and their clinical syndromes. The descriptions of the clinical syndromes include complications and clinical features, as well as descriptions of symptoms. Tables provide information on chemotherapy for primary genital and mucocutaneous herpes infection, suppression of severe and recurring genital herpes infection, and varicella-zoster infection. Figures provide photographic illustrations of the various clinical syndromes. A sidebar about herpesvirus information on the Internet provides further detail. This review contains 123 references, 4 tables, and 6 highly rendered figures.

scholarly journals Frequency and Abundance of Alphaherpesvirus DNA in Human Thoracic Sympathetic Ganglia

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (14) ◽  
pp. 8189-8192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Nagel ◽  
April Rempel ◽  
Jonathon Huntington ◽  
Forrest Kim ◽  
Alexander Choe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Visceral Disease ◽  
Hsv 1

Alphaherpesvirus reactivation from thoracic sympathetic ganglia (TSG) and transaxonal spread to target organs cause human visceral disease. Yet alphaherpesvirus latency in TSG has not been well characterized. In this study, quantitative PCR detected varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and HSV-2 DNA in 117 fresh TSG obtained postmortem from 15 subjects. VZV DNA was found in 76 (65%) ganglia from all subjects, HSV-1 DNA was found in 5 (4%) ganglia from 3 subjects, and no HSV-2 was found.

scholarly journals Criteria for Reducing Unnecessary Testing for Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella-Zoster Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Enterovirus in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Wilen ◽  
Cynthia L. Monaco ◽  
Joan Hoppe-Bauer ◽  
Ronald Jackups ◽  
Robert C. Bucelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Acceptance Criteria ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Unnecessary Testing ◽  
Hsv 1

Excessive utilization of laboratory diagnostic testing leads to increased health care costs. We evaluated criteria to reduce unnecessary nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for viral pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from adults. This is a single-center split retrospective observational study with a screening cohort from 2008 to 2012 and a validation cohort from 2013. Adults with available results for herpes simplex virus 1/2 (HSV-1/2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), or enterovirus (EV) NAAT with CSF samples between 2008 and 2013 were included (n= 10,917). During this study, 1.3% (n= 140) of viral NAAT studies yielded positive results. The acceptance criteria of >10 nucleated cells/μl in the CSF of immunocompetent subjects would have reduced HSV-1/2, VZV, CMV, and EV testing by 63%, 50%, 44%, and 51%, respectively, from 2008 to 2012. When these criteria were applied to the 2013 validation data set, 54% of HSV-1/2, 57% of VZV, 35% of CMV, and 56% of EV tests would have been cancelled. No clinically significant positive tests would have been cancelled in 2013 with this approach. The introduction of a computerized order entry set was associated with increased test requests, suggesting that computerized order sets may contribute to unnecessary testing. Acceptance criteria of >10 nucleated cells/μl in the CSF of immunocompetent adults for viral CSF NAAT assays would increase clinical specificity and preserve sensitivity, resulting in significant cost savings. Implementation of these acceptance criteria led to a 46% reduction in testing during a limited follow-up period.

scholarly journals Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Cells Isolated from Human Trigeminal Ganglia

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 6979-6987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron J. Levin ◽  
Guang-Yun Cai ◽  
Michael D. Manchak ◽  
Lewis I. Pizer
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Large Neurons

ABSTRACT To determine the type of cell(s) that contain latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA, we prepared pure populations of neurons and satellite cells from trigeminal ganglia of 18 humans who had previously had a VZV infection. VZV DNA was present in 34 of 2,226 neurons (1.5%) and in none of 20,700 satellite cells. There was an average of 4.7 (range of 2 to 9) copies of VZV DNA per latently infected neuron. Latent VZV DNA was primarily present in large neurons, whereas the size distribution of herpes simplex virus DNA was markedly different.

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