Generic medications in ophthalmology

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Zore ◽  
Alon Harris ◽  
Leslie Abrams Tobe ◽  
Brent Siesky ◽  
Ingrida Januleviciene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generic Medications

scholarly journals Cost Minimisation Study of the Impact of Generic Drugs on Glaucoma Management: 1-year Indian Experience

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-196
Author(s):  
Devindra Sood ◽  
Alka Pandey ◽  
Rajeev Sood ◽  
Nagesh Gupta ◽  
Ravinder Kumar Bajaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To study the medication costs of various topical glaucoma medications using data collected from real world use by patients.Methods: Patients with primary open angle glaucoma treated at glaucoma clinics in 5 hospitals (1 rural and 4 urban) in northern India from 1 January to 30 June 2008 were enrolled. The number of days each bottle of medication lasted was recorded, and the mean cost per day was computed from the maximum retail price and mean number of days each medication lasted.Results: 790 of 801 eligible patients completed the study. The mean number of days that a bottle of medication lasted was found to be highest for Xalatan® and Xalacom® at 35.23 days and 35.00 days, respectively. The brand name prostaglandin analogues all lasted for a mean of more than 30 days: Xalatan, 35.23 days (SD, 4.14 days); Lumigan®, 31.37 days (SD, 5.31 days); and Travatan®, 34.84 days (SD, 6.51 days), while the generic eye drops lasted for about 21 days: latanoprost, 20.69 days (SD, 3.69 days) and bimatoprost, 21.39 days (SD, 4.34 days). The cost of the generic medication was less than the brand name medication in all groups (for example, bimatoprost, Indian rupees 9.76 versus Indian rupees 12.33) except for brimonidine/timolol (Indian rupees 8.73 versus Indian rupees 8.66). Further analysis in 2009 showed that, for latanoprost, brimonidine and brimonidine/timolol, the difference between the brand name and generic medications decreased in 2009 over 2008 (in the latanoprost group, the cost difference over the year reduced from Indian rupees 592 in 2008 to Indian rupees 523 in 2009); the cost difference for bimatoprost increased from 2008 to 2009.Conclusion: When both cost and number of days a bottle lasts were considered over the long term, use of generic medications might not minimise the cost of glaucoma medical management by much when compared with the brand name medication.

Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
Generic Prescribing ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Authors' response: generic medications in ophthalmology

2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 795.1-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan John Connor ◽  
Scott Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Generic Medications

scholarly journals A Case Study in Generic Drug Use: Should There Be Risk Adjustment in Incentive Payments for the Use of Generic Medications?

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099
Author(s):  
Surrey M. Walton ◽  
Christine Rash ◽  
Bruce L. Lambert ◽  
William L. Galanter
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Generic Drug ◽  
Risk Adjustment ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
Incentive Payments

Abstract P153: Effect of Statin Transitions in High-Risk Cardiovascular Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujjaini Khanderia ◽  
Kevin A Townsend ◽  
Thomas Wolfe ◽  
Richard Taylor ◽  
Rodica Pop-Busui
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Generic Medications ◽  
One Year ◽  
Made In

Efforts to manage healthcare costs include transitioning patients to generic medications. This often includes the statins. Implementation methods and patient selection may affect clinical outcomes of these programs. We measured changes in quality metrics associated with statin transition in high-risk cardiovascular (CV) patients, assessed dose conversion, and identified clinical predictors of successful transition. This retrospective cohort study included adults receiving care in a university health system for ACS, CKD, DM or post- CABG and receiving a statin. Electronic records from 2005 to 2008 were used to identify statin transition (T) or no transition (NT). High (H) and low (L) potency agents, equipotent dosages, and successful transition were defined. Treatment patterns, LDL-C (mg/dL), and medication possession ratios (MPR) were tracked one year after transition. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were applied. The 1,505 patients were 54% male and age 50 + 10 years. Statin transition occurred in 316 (21%) of which 249 (79%) were H to L potency. DM, CKD, ACS, and CABG were present in 70%, 24%, 17%, and 8% of patients. Baseline ACS was present in T (23%) more than NT (15%), p=0.001. Changes in LDL-C were similar in T (+2.2 + 35.4 mg/dL) and NT (-0.4 + 34.6 mg/dL), p=0.34. Adherence (MPR) was higher in T (0.85 + 0.19) relative to NT (0.77 + 0.27), p<0.001. Among T patients, LDL-C goal attainment (<100 mg/dL) and aggressive LDL-C goal attainment (<70 mg/dL) decreased from 65% to 61% (p=0.036) and from 27% to 23% (p=0.015), respectively, from transition to follow-up. For H to L, H to H, L to H, and L to L transitions, LDL-C changes were +8.0 ± 32.2, -36.7 ± 50.5, -24.2 ± 26.9, and -0.2 ± 37.8 mg/dL, respectively (p<0.001). Among H to L transitions, equipotent dose adjustments were made in 174 cases (70%), no adjustment in 44 subjects (18%), and no equipotent dose existed for 31 cases (12%). Adjusted odds of successful transition were higher for equipotent dose transitions (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.09 to 7.36). In summary, LDL-C control during statin transition in high-risk CV patients is variable, but medication adherence was not diminished. Equipotent dose adjustment is a strong predictor of successful transition but was not made or possible in 30% of patients.

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