Eye-tracking-based visual field analysis (EFA): a reliable and precise perimetric methodology for the assessment of visual field defects

ObjectiveSeveral studies report evidence for training-related neuroplasticity in the visual cortex, while other studies suggest that improvements simply reflect inadequate eye fixation control during perimetric prediagnostics and postdiagnostics.Methods and analysisTo improve diagnostics, a new eye-tracking-based methodology for visual field analysis (eye-tracking-based visual field analysis (EFA)) was developed. The EFA is based on static automated perimetry and additionally takes individual eye movements in real time into account and compensates for them. In the present study, an evaluation of the EFA with the help of blind spots of 58 healthy participants and the individual visual field defects of 23 clinical patients is provided. With the help of the EFA, optical coherence tomography, Goldmann perimetry and a Humphrey field analyser, these natural and acquired scotomas were diagnosed and the results were compared accordingly.ResultsThe EFA provides a SE of measurement of 0.38° for the right eye (OD) and 0.50° for the left eye (OS), leading to 0.44° of visual angle for both eyes (OU). Based on participants’ individual results, the EFA provides disattenuated correlation (validity) of 1.00 for both OD and OS. Results from patients suffering from cortical lesions and glaucoma further indicate that the EFA is capable of diagnosing acquired scotoma validly and is applicable for clinical use.ConclusionOutcomes indicate that the EFA is highly reliable and precise in diagnosing individual shape and location of scotoma and capable of recording changes of visual field defects (after intervention) with unprecedented precision. Test duration is comparable to established instruments and due to the high customisability of the EFA, assessment duration can be shortened by adapting the diagnostic procedure to the patients’ individual visual field characteristics. Therefore, the saccade-compensating methodology enables researchers and healthcare professionals to rule out eye movements as a source of inaccuracies in pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments.

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Computerized color perimetry in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245859800400207 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N Accornero ◽

S Rinalduzzi ◽

M Capozza ◽

E Millefiorini ◽

G C Filligoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Field Analysis ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

The Subject ◽

Color Perimetry ◽

Field Defects

Color visual field analysis has proven highly sensitive for early visual impairments diagnosis in MS, yet it has never attained widespread popularity usually because the procedure is difficult to standardize, the devices are costly, and the test is fatiguing. We propose a computerized procedure running on standard PC, cost effective, clonable, and easy handled. Two hundred and sixty-four colored patches subtending 18 angle of vision, with selected hues and low saturation levels are sequentially and randomly displayed on gray equiluminous background of the PC screen subtending 2486408 angle of vision. The subject is requested to press a switch at the perception of the stimulus. The output provides colored maps with quantitative information. Comparison between normals and a selected population of MS patients with no actual luminance visual field defects, showed high statistical difference.

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Reading with Visual Field Defects

Perception ◽

10.1068/v970025 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 11-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Trauzettel-Klosinski

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field ◽

Reading Ability ◽

Reading Speed ◽

Visual Fields ◽

Zero Point ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Video Tape ◽

Field Defects

The influence of different visual field defects on the reading performance was examined with potential adaptive strategies to improve the reading process in mind. By means of an SLO, the retinal fixation locus (RFL) was determined with the use of single targets and text, and eye movements scanning the text were recorded on video tape. Additionally, eye movements were monitored by an Infrared Limbus Tracker. Visual fields were assessed by the Tübingen Manual and/or automatic perimetry. Normal subjects, and patients with central scotomata, ring scotomata, and hemianopic field defects (HFD) were examined. The main pathological reading parameters were an increase of saccade frequency and regressions per line, and a decrease of reading speed. In patients with field defects involving the visual field centre, fixation behaviour is significant for regaining reading ability. In absolute central scotoma, the lost foveal function promotes eccentric fixation. The remaining problem is insufficient resolution of the RFL, which can be compensated for by magnification of the text. In patients with insufficient size of their reading visual field, due to HFD and ring scotoma, it is crucial that they learn to use a new RFL despite intact foveolar function. Preconditions for reading have been found to be: (1) sufficient resolution of the RFL, (2) a reading visual field of a minimum extent, and (3) intact basic oculomotor function. In patients with visual field defects involving the centre, a sensory-motor adaptation process is required: the use of a new RFL as the new centre of the visual field and as the new zero point for eye-movement coordinates.

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Saccadic eye movements and face recognition performance in patients with central glaucomatous visual field defects

Vision Research ◽

10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

pp. 42-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Fiona C. Glen ◽

Nicholas D. Smith ◽

David P. Crabb

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Field Defects

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Can Frequency-doubling Technology and Short-wavelength Automated Perimetries Detect Visual Field Defects Before Standard Automated Perimetry in Patients With Preperimetric Glaucoma?

Journal of Glaucoma ◽

10.1097/ijg.0b013e31803bbb17 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 372-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Antonio Ferreras ◽

Vicente Polo ◽

Jos?? M. Larrosa ◽

Lu??s E. Pablo ◽

Ana B. Pajarin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Short Wavelength ◽

Frequency Doubling ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Automated Perimetry ◽

Standard Automated Perimetry ◽

Frequency Doubling Technology ◽

Preperimetric Glaucoma ◽

Field Defects

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Visual Defects Associated with Vigabatrin: A Study of Epileptic Argentine Patients

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s0317167100004443 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 459-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

María Cecilia Moreno ◽

Brenda Giagante ◽

Patricia Saidon ◽

Silvia Kochen ◽

Jorge Benozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Antiepileptic Drug ◽

Screening Test ◽

Screening Strategy ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Automated Perimetry ◽

Field Screening ◽

Full Field ◽

Visual Defects ◽

Field Defects

ABSTRACT:Objective:The aim of the present study was to assess visual alterations in a population of Argentine patients treated with the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin.Methods:Twenty patients receiving vigabatrin and 15 patients receiving carbamazepine were examined with automated perimetry using a Humphrey 120-point full screening strategy. In addition, scotopic flash electroretinograms were performed.Results:Of 20 patients treated with vigabatrin, two were unable to cooperate with testing. Of the remaining 18 patients, all but two showed at least one non-detected point inside the central 40° of the visual field of each eye. Of the 15 carbamazepine-treated patients, three were unable to perform the study. None of the remaining 12 patients showed visual field defects. Both a- and b-wave amplitudes of the scotopic electroretinogram were significantly reduced in 12 patients receiving vigabatrin.Conclusions:Visual field defects among patients on vigabatrin therapy may occur with a higher frequency than previously recognized. The Humphrey 120-points full field screening test and electroretinography are useful tools to assess the visual dysfunction associated with vigabatrin.

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Classifying Patterns of Localized Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects on Automated Perimetry

Journal of Glaucoma ◽

10.1097/01.ijg.0000243482.13274.e3 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 146-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ramanjit Sihota ◽

Viney Gupta ◽

Deven Tuli ◽

Ajay Sharma ◽

Parul Sony ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Automated Perimetry ◽

Field Defects

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Eye Movements and Visual Search in Homonymous Visual Field Defects

Homonymous Visual Field Defects ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-52284-5_8 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 121-133

Author(s):

Jason J. S. Barton

Keyword(s):

Visual Search ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Field Defects

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Retrogeniculate Visual Field Defects

Visual Fields ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195389685.003.0015 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas R. Hedges III

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Visual Fields ◽

Field Testing ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Automated Perimetry ◽

Loss Of Vision ◽

Data Points ◽

Field Defects ◽

Macular Sparing

Automated perimetry has changed visual field testing considerably in recent years. What was considered an art has become an exercise in interpreting a set of data points obtained mechanically. Automated perimetry saves ophthalmologists time, which ideally should allow for more visual fields to be obtained on patients with unexplained vision loss. However, one must still keep in mind that automated perimetry still depends on the subjective responses from the patient. More important, automated perimetry has made interpretation of visual field defects, especially those due to occipital lesions, more difficult. For example, macular sparing may not be reflected, especially with programs limited to the central 24° or 30°. A 10° field may be required to show macular sparing. Also, sparing or involvement of the temporal crescent will not be shown with 24° or 30° visual fields. The limitation of most programs may lead to the appearance of incongruity when in fact the field is indeed congruous. Sometimes, a small homonymous hemianopic scotoma will be detected when one eye is tested but will be completely missed when the other eye is tested, giving the false impression that the visual loss is monocular. This is especially problematic if the patient also falsely interprets his or her homonymous loss of vision as monocular. Such individuals may complain of loss of vision in one eye when in fact it is one half of their visual field that is defective. The strategy of automated testing on either side the vertical and horizontal meridians may lead to the false impression that field defects respect the vertical or horizontal meridian when they do not. Automated perimetry should make it possible to test more patients with unexplained vision loss, but all automated visual fields must be interpreted with caution and, when necessary, substantiated with some other method, such as the tangent screen, which remains the most powerful method of detecting the size, shape, and density of visual field defects. Because most ophthalmologists no longer use tangent screen testing, at least an Amlser grid should be used to qualify the nature of a paracentral visual field defect.

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