scholarly journals Price elasticity of demand of non-cigarette tobacco products: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jawad ◽  
John Tayu Lee ◽  
Stanton Glantz ◽  
Christopher Millett
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity

ObjectiveTo systematically review the price elasticity of demand of non-cigarette tobacco products.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, EconLit and the Web of Science without language or time restrictions.Study selectionTwo reviewers screened title and abstracts, then full texts, independently and in duplicate. We based eligibility criteria on study design (interventional or observational), population (individuals or communities without geographic restrictions), intervention (price change) and outcome (change in demand).Data extractionWe abstracted data on study features, outcome measures, statistical approach, and single best own- and cross-price elasticity estimates with respect to cigarettes. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis for estimates of similar product, outcome and country income level. For other studies we reported median elasticities by product and country income level.Data synthesisWe analysed 36 studies from 15 countries yielding 125 elasticity estimates. A 10% price increase would reduce demand by: 8.3% for cigars (95% CI 2.9 to 13.8), 6.4% for roll your owns (95% CI 4.3 to 8.4), 5.7% for bidis (95% CI 4.3 to 7.1) and 2.1% for smokeless tobacco (95% CI −0.6 to 4.8). Median price elasticities for all ten products were also negative. Results from few studies that examined cross-price elasticity suggested a positive substitution effect between cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products.ConclusionsThere is sufficient evidence in support of the effectiveness of price increases to reduce consumption of non-cigarette tobacco products as it is for cigarettes. Positive substitutability between cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products suggest that tax and price increases need to be simultaneous and comparable across all tobacco products.

Residential price elasticity of demand for water

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Metaxas ◽  
E. Charalambous
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Residential Water

This paper presents an analysis on price elasticity of demand for water as a consequence of price increases. The objective of this research study is to estimate the residential price elasticities of demand for water for different regions, which may have different income levels. The general conclusion is that price elasticity for residential water use is inelastic (i.e. a given percentage of price increase results in a proportionally smaller decrease in quantity demanded) and it varies by consumer class and type of water use. The elasticity is not significantly affected by demographic and other factors.

scholarly journals Revenue impact on the demand of Slovak households for meat and meat products

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubica Kubicová ◽  
Zdenka Kádeková
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity ◽  
The Impact

Global economical crisis was felt in the differences in the incomes of the households and their food consumption. In the paper are analyzed the changing patterns in the structure of demand for meat and the impact on total expenditure on meat and meat products in the households of employees, households of self-employed persons and households of pensioners. When examining the sensitivity of demand to changes in consumer meat prices in different social groups of households was estimated own-price elasticity of demand, as well as cross-price elasticity.

scholarly journals Electricity used as additional medium for household supplementary space heating

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Jerzy Andruszkiewicz ◽  
Józef Lorenc ◽  
Agnieszka Maćkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity ◽  
Current Price

This article analyses the potential of using electricity for supplementary heating purposes in households during low outside temperatures periods. Space heating using solid state fossil fuels, causes significant pollution of the local environment. In order to assess the potential of replacing fossil fuels with electricity for the supplementary heating purposes, the conditions determining financially reasonable exchanges of the main energy carrier consumption for heating purposes into electricity were analysed as a result of a change in price of this substitute. The concept of cross price elasticity of demand was used to reflect the current price conditions for energy carriers exchange and its values were determined for the energy contained in the most frequently used carriers for heating purposes, in relation to changes in electricity prices. The possible reduction in average electricity prices was considered, resulting from tariff change from a single zone to a two-zone tariff in the case of storage heater use, consuming electricity only in the off-peak zone. What is more, the potential of anti-smog tariff implemented in 2018 concerning the considered aspect was also analysed.

Examination of North American softwood lumber species substitution using discrete choice preferences and disaggregated end-use markets

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2521-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Shook ◽  
Jorge A. Soria ◽  
Darek J. Nalle
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
North American ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
End Use

Over the past 20 years, four significant and contentious softwood lumber trade disputes have taken place between the United States and Canada. The US International Trade Commission (USITC), relying on aggregate market assessments using elasticity of demand estimation and cointegration methods, has ruled that all North American softwood lumber species are perfectly fungible. The objective of this study is to disaggregate the US softwood lumber market by estimating cross-price elasticity of demand for North American softwood lumber species and species groups in three major end-use markets (floor framing, roof framing, and wall framing products) using a discrete choice preference model. Specifically, this study utilizes a choice-based conjoint model to estimate species and species group preferences, market shares, and price-demand relationships for North American softwood lumber. Research results are compared with published aggregate market cross-price elasticity of demand estimates, such as those relied upon by USITC, to determine whether North American softwood lumber species and species groups are perfectly fungible in the three largest softwood lumber end-use markets. Results demonstrate that distinct differences exist in the substitutability between North American species and species groups of softwood lumber. The results provide notable implications in future USITC trade analyses of the US–Canadian softwood lumber trade issue.

Demand for tobacco products in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056297
Author(s):  
Nasiruddin Ahmed ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed Mozumder ◽  
Md. Tariq Hassan ◽  
Rumana Huque
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Expenditure Survey ◽  
Tobacco Tax

BackgroundTobacco tax increase is considered as one of the most effective means to reduce tobacco consumption and its consequences. An increase in taxes, which results in an increase in the price of tobacco products, reduces consumption. Historically, a number of studies estimated the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price—the price elasticity of demand—of tobacco products in Bangladesh. However, the government’s stronger commitment to reducing tobacco use, rising standard of living, rapidly changing cultural norms due to globalisation, and the substantial fall in tobacco use seen in GATS 2017 necessitate an updated measure of price elasticity of tobacco use, which will allow for more accurate answers to questions of tobacco tax policy in the country. This study endeavours to fill this gap in the literature on demand for tobacco products in Bangladesh.ObjectiveTo estimate the price elasticity of demand for tobacco products, namely cigarettes, biris and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products with the 2016 household income and expenditure survey data in Bangladesh.MethodsWe used the Deaton model (1997) to estimate the price elasticities of demand for tobacco products using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 dataset of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. The HIES 2016 surveyed 46 076 households spread over 2304 primary sampling units across the country. We have calculated own price elasticities of demand for tobacco products by expenditure groups and by regions (rural and urban).ResultsThe estimates of own-price elasticity of demand for cigarette, biri and SLT products are −1.03, −1.34 and −0.30, respectively. The results show that rural households are more responsive to changes in the prices of cigarettes than urban households. Households with low expenditure are found to be more responsive to changes in the price of cigarettes than the households with high expenditure. This suggests that increases in cigarette prices at the lower end would effectively reduce cigarette consumption among the people having low expenditure and improve health equity.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the demand for smoking tobacco products is responsive to price changes. Therefore, substantial increase in the prices of tobacco products through taxation will result in significant reduction in tobacco use, particularly among the low expenditure households, while increasing government revenue.

scholarly journals AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE IN CHINA:A CASE STUDY OF CHANGCHUN CITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenliang Lu ◽  
Sim-Yee Lau
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Expenditure Share ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
Income Elasticity Of Demand

This paper conducted a case study on Changchun—a city with 7.6 million populations located in the northeastern part of China—that analyzes consumer behavior in China. The empirical analysis is based on the AIDS model propounded by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980). The data used in this econometric analysis is a time series cross sectional panel data from 300-household survey responses collected from January 2009 to December 2011. The empirical results show that “food” and “education, culture and recreation” are necessity goods for the people in Changchun. These two items cover 44% of total expenditure share in the data set. At the same time, these two items are Giffen goods because their expenditure share increases even with rise in their prices. The findings suggest that “housing” is a luxury good but it is also a Giffen good. From this point, it is plausible to argue that the growth of real income across China in general and in Changchun in particular has been lagging behind the rise in prices of “housing”. Additionally the estimated own-price elasticity of demand in “education, culture and recreation” suggests that people in Changchun will spend more on these items in order to acquire a higher quality of education despite price increases. The estimated compensated cross-price elasticity of demand of various pairs of goods like “food and housing,” “food and education, culture and recreation,” “clothing and housing,” “clothing and medical” and others indicate that the theoretical assumption of a diminishing MRS does not hold for our data set. The analytical results show that people’s demand in “medical” is not being influenced by its price and people’s disposable income.Keywords: AIDS; Income Elasticity Of Demand; Cross-Price Elasticity Of Demand; Compensated Cross-Price Elasticity Of Demand; Net Substitute Goods; Net Complement Goods.

scholarly journals Elasticity of consumer demand on pork meat in the Slovak Republic

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bielik ◽  
Z. Šajbidorová
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity Of Demand

Consumers are the starting point of the final product market vertical line. Their demand is a crucial factor in the decisions about production – what to produce, how much, and what way. The aim of this paper is to provide the analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork, based on the influence of the change of the determinants influencing the demand on the consumer level of the vertical product line, and subsequent evaluation of the character and intensiveness of the consumer demand elasticities. The evaluation is founded on the determined coefficients for the individual elasticities of consumer demand on the selected commodity. The analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork is based on a five-factor model of the consumer demand on pork. It was estimated and qualified by the microeconomic theory for estimation and interpretation of individual elasticity coefficients and regression analysis. Furthermore, our attention is focused on determination and interpretation of the coefficients of direct price elasticity of demand, cross-price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity of demand. The value of the price elasticity of demand on pork is 0.770937. As an increase in the buyers’ income evokes an increase in demand, it can be stated that pork meat is a superior good for the Slovak inhabitants. Cross-price elasticity of demand between pork and poultry is 0.617363, and between pork and beef it is 0.343435. As the value is positive, pork, poultry, and beef are substitute goods for the consumers. During the studied period, the demand on pork was quarterly decreasing by 0.05162% in average. On the basis of the results received from the analysis of the elasticities of the demand on the consumer level of the studied product vertical line, it can be stated that Slovak consumers of pork meat react more responsively to the change of income than to the change of the price of this good.

scholarly journals The price elasticity of demand for heated tobacco products

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ce Shang ◽  
Estelle Dauchy ◽  
Naomi Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Price Elasticity Of Demand
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