Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Padi Berdasarkan Proporsi Pengeluaran Pangan Di Kota Padang

ABSTRAK Padi merupakan salah satu komoditas tanaman pangan yang cukup strategis untuk mendukung terwujudnya ketahanan pangan nasioal. Padi merupakan komoditas unggulan di Kota Padang, dan salah satu wilayah sentra produksinya adalah Kecamatan Kuranji. Sebagai wilayah lumbung pangan (padi) diasumsikan dengan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat (petani) yang terjamin dalam hal pemenuhan pangan. Salah satu indikator ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dicerminkan oleh proporsi pengeluaran pangan terhadap pengeluaran total. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) menganalisis perkembangan (trend) produksi padi di Kota Padang dan 2) menganalisis pendapatan dan proporsi pengeluaran rumah tangga petani padi. Jenis data penelitian terdiri dari data primer dan sekunder, dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 30 rumah tangga petani padi dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara snowball sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis trend menggunakan least square method; pendapatan total; dan proporsi pengeluaran pangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan produksi padi sawah, mengalami penurunan produksi sebesar 7812.00 Ton setiap tahunnya (2015-2019), diperkirakan pada tahun 2020 produksi padi sawah sebesar 35,882.00 Ton. Sedangkan, sumber pendapatan rumah tangga petani padi terbesar berasal dari pendapatan usahatani padi sawah (onfarm). Proporsi pengeluaran rumah tangga petani digunakan untuk pengeluaran pangan yaitu padi-padian, dengan rata-rata total pengeluaran sebesar 60.26 persen. Kata Kunci : Tanaman Pangan, Rumah Tangga Petani, Ketahanan Pangan ABSTRACT Rice is one of the food crop commodities which is quite strategic to support the realization of national food security. Rice is a leading commodity in the city of Padang, and one of its production centers is Kuranji District. As a food barn (rice) area, it is assumed that the level of welfare of the community (farmers) is guaranteed in terms of food fulfillment. One indicator of household food security is reflected by the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze the development (trend) of rice production in Padang City and 2) to analyze the income and proportion of household expenditures of rice farmers. The type of research data consists of primary and secondary data, with the number of respondents as many as 30 rice farmer households with a snowball sampling technique. The data analysis used includesanalysis trend using the least square method; total revenue; and the proportion of food expenditure. The results showed that lowland rice production decreased by 7812.00 tons every year (2015-2019), it is estimated that in 2020 lowland rice production was 35,882.00 tons. Meanwhile, the largest source of household income for rice farmers comes from rice farming(incomeonfarm). The proportion of household expenditure of farmers is used for food expenditure, namely grains, with an average total expenditure of 60.26 percent Keywords : food crop commodities, farmer households, food security

The Impact of Mayors’ Corruption on Spanish Municipal Spending

We investigate the impact of mayors’ corruption on the size and structure of Spanish municipal budgets. The theory posits that total expenditure is greater in corrupt governments: €77.08 higher per capita in our sample when a corrupt mayor is in office. Moreover, the literature predicts that mayors (agents), will spend more on items directly connected with corruption, rather than expenditure priorities demanded by the citizens (principals). Thus, we show that total expenditure, capital, trash collection and police are higher when corruption exists. Literature predicts that corrupt mayors spend less on items that provide fewer opportunities to collect bribes: our data show that corrupt mayors do not spend more on health. Corrupt mayors spend on average 1.46 years on duty after being taken to court with a formal indictment on a corruption charge. This indicates that in Spain, sadly, resigning the mayoralty is not automatic when facing criminal charges for corruption. Investigamos el impacto de la corrupción de los alcaldes en el tamaño y la estructura de los presupuestos municipales españoles. La teoría postula que el gasto total es mayor en los gobiernos corruptos: 77,08 euros más per cápita en nuestra muestra cuando un alcalde corrupto está en el cargo. Además, la literatura predice que los alcaldes (agentes), gastarán más en partidas directamente relacionadas con la corrupción, en lugar de en los gastos demandados por los ciudadanos (principales). Así, mostramos que el gasto total, el gasto de capital, la recogida de basura y la policía son mayores cuando existe corrupción. La literatura predice que los alcaldes corruptos gastan menos en partidas que ofrecen menos oportunidades de sobornos: en este sentido, nuestros datos muestran que los alcaldes corruptos no gastan más en sanidad. Los alcaldes corruptos están una media de 1,46 años en activo tras ser llevados a juicio con una acusación formal por corrupción. Esto indica que en España, lamentablemente, renunciar a la alcaldía no es automático cuando se enfrenta a cargos penales por corrupción.

The Causal Relation between Revenue and Expenditure of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a developing country that has been experiencing budget deficits since its independence in 1971. It means the government spending has been exceeding the government revenue. This phenomenon calls for a study of government spending or expenditure and government revenue. This study tries to establish a causal relation between expenditure and revenue of governments of Bangladesh. To accomplish this, this study uses the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and the Granger Causality model on the data for the financial year from 1993-1994 to 2017-2018. The study reveals that in the context of Bangladesh, total revenue affects total expenditure, whereas total expenditure does not affect total revenue.

Bayesian Regression of Government Expenditure on Revenue in Nigeria

The relationship between government expenditure and its revenue is generating serious debate among researchers. Similarly, their has been a controversy between the classical and the bayesian modelling. Therfore, this study examined the relationship between the government expenditure and its revenue in Nigeria using the bayesian approach. The finance data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin from 1989 to 2018 were considered for the study. Bayesian linear regression was used to fit the model. Normal distribution was fit for the likelihood. Thus, normal-gamma prior was elicited for the bayesian regression parameters. The result showed that the Bayesian estimates with elicited normal-gamma prior produced a better posterior mean of 0.536 for the Total Revenue with a smaller posterior standard deviation of 0.00001 when compared with the OLS standard deviation of 0.05256. Similarly, the total revenue explained 78% variations in the Total expenditure. The constructed model fit was: Total Expenditure = 98.57128 + 0.53630* Total Revenue. This showed that a naira unit of the total expenditure will always be increased by 0.54 of the total revenue. Forecast of 30 years for the total expenditure using both OLS and Bayesian (normal gamma prior) were increasing as the years were progressing. Government should look for a way to increase its revenue in order to sustain the future expenses of the government since expenditure increases yearly.

Does Nigeria Non-Renewable Resource Abundance Leads to Macroeconomic Performance? A Trend Analysis (1970-2014)

Theoretically, natural resource abundance is expected to create national wealth; however, the inconclusiveness in the literature and among the African rich resources motivated this study. Our paper investigated that does Nigeria's non-renewable resource abundance leads to sustainable macroeconomic performance? To achieve the objectives of this study, our paper employs descriptive trends analysis, using tables and charts to measure the relationship between the non-renewable resource abundance, proxied as oil and gas variables, and the selected macroeconomic variables to draw an inference within the study period of 1970 – 2014 in Nigeria. In summary, our study concludes that an inverse relationship exists between non-renewable resource abundance and macroeconomic performance in Nigeria for the covered period 1970 – 2014. Therefore, our study conforms to the existing studies of Sachs & Warner, 2001; Gylfasson, 2005, VanPloeg and Venables, 2013 that African rich-resources countries, including Nigeria, a non-renewable resource abundance retards macroeconomic performance within the period of study. Nonetheless, this study recommends that government should consistently endeavor to increase the proportion of education expenditure to total expenditure as well as same for capital expenditure to total expenditure, and finally, transform the economy from an oil-dependent economy to a non-oil driven economy, that is diversification of the economy, which would change the non-renewable resource-abundant nation from curse to blessing and thus, guarantee sustainable macroeconomic performance in Nigeria.

Export market participation and environmental actions of enterprises in Vietnam

The outcome of environmental actions from participation in the export market are examined by unpacking some mechanisms that explain the estimated relationship. The empirical strategy utilizes the variation in the distance between the location of the sampled enterprises and the top 25 destinations of Vietnamese exports across sectors, and the weight of each sampled export to total exports in each period, to obtain exogenous variation in the enterprise's export market participation. The result shows a positive relationship between the enterprise's export participation and its overall engagement in environmental actions (such as the sum of its environmental actions, the sum of actions in the investments in equipment towards environmental issues, and total expenditure for the purchase of equipment for environmental actions). Possible mechanisms are international standardization, national certification, and strong enforcement of environmental regulations from export market engagement.

SP7.1.16 Endoscopy and biopsy for chronic diarrhoea: an audit and cost analysis

Aims The aim of the study is to analyse the costs of performing diagnostic endoscopy with histopathological sampling for patients suffering with chronic or persistent diarrhoea. Methods 300 patients were identified who required an endoscopy in 2019 according to the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. Patient’s presenting complaint, endoscopic and histological diagnosis and follow up plans were noted. 147 patients were included into our study whose presenting complaint was solely chronic or persistent diarrhoea. Those who presented with acute diarrhoea, PR bleeding or other concomitant indication for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy were excluded. Data from the national schedule of NHS costs was used to calculate expenditure. Results The total expenditure calculated for the 147 patients was £55,973. There was a total of 126 colonoscopies and 21 flexible sigmoidoscopies performed by the department. The number of patients who received medical treatment following endoscopy was 13/147 (9%) 8 of whom had nonspecific colitis on histology. There were 29 patients (20%) who required symptomatic treatment and there were 98 patients (66%) who received no intervention or were discharged immediately and 7 patients (5%) that required surgical intervention. The total cost of procedures not leading to surgical or medical management with steroids or immunomodulators was £47733 which is 85.3% of the total expenditure. Conclusion A significantly large proportion of investigations lead to no intervention or symptomatic treatment of the patient. Given this lack of diagnostic yield and financial burden, there could be room for advancement in the current guidelines for managing persistent diarrhoea.

Exploring the Optimal Allocation Decision-Making of Expenditure Budget in Hospitals Under Multi-Objective Constraints: Evidence from Urban Public Hospitals, China

Hospitals in many countries face the need for balancing different categories of expenditures to achieve multiple goals within a limited budget. This study established a two-stage fuzzy linear programming (FLP) estimation model to explore the optimal allocation decision-making of expenditure budget under the multi-objective constraints. Taking all urban public hospitals in Henan province of China as a sample, the optimal allocation decision-making of total expenditure budget was tested with the human resources expenditures (HE) as the dependent variable. And the outcome was compared with the actual expenditure data of these hospitals between 2010 and 2016. The study found that when the HE achieves the maximum and minimum feasible scale, the expenditure scales of the budget allocation categories including pharmaceutical expenditures, medical supplies expenditures, and other expenditures were all within a reasonable range. Among them, the observed promoting space for HE was 3.78 billion yuan. The results show that the FLP method can help urban public hospitals to make better total expenditure budget allocation decisions, which can maintain their reasonable expenditure structure under the hospitals’ development goals and the government’s regulatory requirements.

Optimum Farm Plan for Higher Net Income in Southern and Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka

The present study was focused on deriving an optimum farm plan which would enhance the farm income in different farming systems in Southern and Eastern dry zones of Karnataka. Data collected from 240 respondents selected using random sampling technique from two districts viz. Mandya and Kolar. The dominant farming systems identified in the study areas were crop + dairy, crop + sheep rearing, Crop + dairy + sericulture, and crop + dairy + horticulture. Linear programming technique was used to work out the maximum attainable return. In Mandya district, crop + sheep farming system were providing an annual income of ` 92468 per farm with the total expenditure of ` 175400, whereas, an optimal plan can fetch a return of ` 278810 per farm with the similar expenditure. In Kolar district, crop + dairy was giving annual income of ` 168216 per farm with the total expenditure of ` 150000 and through an optimum plan, a farmer could earn ` 327996 per farm. Mandya district In farming system with the component of crop + dairy + sericulture, farmers were realizing an annual income of ` 296433 per farm with the total expenditure of ` 274947, where optimization can provide the farmer an income of ` 640487 per farm with similar expenditure and this system is turned out to be most remunerative among all the farming systems