Analysis Food Demand of Java Households with Aids Model Estimates

<p>The quantity and quality of food consumed by the community are determined by the price level and household income. Household food expenditure share is still dominated by rice commodities. The aims of this study are 1) to analyze the level of household expenditure on food in Java and (2) to analyze the expenditure elasticity and price elasticity of household food demand in Java. The data used was March 2015, 2016, and 2017 SUSENAS data. Household consumption data was estimated using the AIDS Model. The results showed that household food expenditure share for medium and low-income groups (Q3 and Q4) for urban and rural areas was more than 50 percent. This shows that the household is food insecure. The own-price elasticity for all commodities is negative and inelastic. Changes in food prices do not significantly affect changes in demand for food commodities because their elasticity is inelastic. Household food demand is more influenced by food prices than household income for food commodities except for rice commodities. Rice has elastic expenditure elasticity (means that food demand is very responsive to changes in household expenditure/income. The relationship between each commodity is almost entirely negative (complementary).</p>

Tiwul consumption preferences during the Covid-19 pandemic in Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia

Households in Indonesia consume rice as the main source of carbohydrates, but in some areas where cassava production centers, the source of carbohydrates is not only rice but also cassava and processed cassava, including tiwul. The purpose of this study was to analyze the preference for tiwul consumption for all carbohydrate foods and to analyze the share of tiwul expenditure on carbohydrate foods. The research was conducted in the village with the highest consumption of tiwul, namely Sudimoroharjo Village, Wilangan, Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia. The research data using primary data were collected by direct interviews with 46 households. The research data includes tiwul attribute data consisting of color, taste, availability, and price. Also, data on consumption and expenditure of all carbohydrates consumed by the sample households, namely tiwul, rice, corn, cassava, sweet potato, and potatoes. Data analysis used expenditure share analysis and Conjoint analysis. The results showed that the share of tiwul expenditure was the second largest after rice (79.98%), tiwul (16.39%), potatoes (2.78%), sweet potato (0.54%), cassava (0.2%), and the smallest was corn (0.11%). The preference for tiwul consumption was dominated by taste, price, color, and availability with relative importance values of 49.89%, 30.48%, 10.02%, and 9.61%, respectively. Promotion of the Tiwul Consumption Movement is needed, especially for the young generation and children, to increase tiwul consumption and reduce household dependence on rice.

Exploring Pathways of Socioeconomic Inequity in Vegetable Expenditure Among Consumers Participating in a Grocery Loyalty Program in Quebec, Canada, 2015–2017

Vegetable consumption remains consistently low despite supportive policy and investments across the world. Vegetables are available in great variety, ranging in their processing level, availability, cost, and arguably, nutritional value. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted in Quebec, Canada to explore pathways of socioeconomic inequity in vegetable expenditure. Data was obtained for consumers who participated in a grocery loyalty program from 2015 to 2017 and linked to the 2016 Canadian census. Vegetable expenditure share (%) was examined as a fraction of the overall food basket and segmented by processing level. Panel random effects and tobit models were used overall and to estimate the stratified analysis by median income split. Consumers allocated 8.35% of their total food expenditure to vegetables, which was mostly allocated to non-processed fresh (6.88%). Vegetable expenditure share was the highest in early winter and lowest in late summer. In the stratified analysis, the low-income group exhibited less seasonal variation, allocated less to fresh vegetables, and spent more on canned and frozen compared to the high-income group. Measures of socioeconomic status were all significant drivers of overall vegetable consumption. Consumers with high post-secondary education in the low-income group spent 2% more on vegetables than those with low education. The complexity of observed expenditure patterns points to a need for more specific vegetable consumption guidelines that include provisions by processing level. Implications for education, marketing, intersectional policies, and the role of government are discussed. Governments can scale present efforts and catalyze health-promoting investments across local, state, national, and global food systems.

Tingkat Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Sebelum dan Selama Pandemi Covid 19 Di Desa Gohong Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

Pulang Pisau Regency has a total consumption of rice that 1.140 kcal/capita/day, less than the standard calorie intake of 2.200 kcal/capita/day. This study aimed to determine the level of household food security before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gohong Village, Pulang Pisau regency. This research was conducted in Gohong Village, Pulang Pisau Regency. Purposive selection of the location. Research conducted for 3 (three) months starting from October to December 2020. The number of samples was taken 20 households, the method used in determining the sample was the proportional simple random sampling technique. The data collected includes primary and secondary data. The analysis tools used is the share of food expenditure and energy adequacy. The results showed that the level of energy consumption from rice in the household was on average 888.46 calories/person/day, only reaching 44.42% of the energy adequacy of 2,000 calories/person/day. 25% of the household can achieve energy sufficiency from grains. 40% households were in the Food Expenditure Share above 60% before the Covid 19 Pandemic, and 35% households were in the Covid 19 Pandemic. 15% households were in food secure before the Pandemic it increased to 20% while Pandemic Covid 19. Increment in the number of households food secure was due to the decrease in the number of households with a Food Expenditure Share above 60%. The number of households on criteria food insecure before the pandemic was 85% consisting of 10% vulnerable, 45% lack of food, and 30% food insecurity. Meanwhile, during the pandemic, 80% of households were on the criteria food insecure, consisting of 5% vulnerable food, 45% lack of food, and 30% food insecure

Household Food Expenditure Share During Pregnancy: Evidence From Rural Sri Lanka

Objectives Maternal nutritional requirements are expected to vary during pregnancy due to changing demands. Household food expenditure (HFE) reflects the affordability for these nutritional demands. We explored the relationship between household income and the HFE during pregnancy. Methods The study was a part of Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo), a prospective cohort conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in 2019. Participants were recruited in the 1st trimester and followed up monthly for household expenditure data using a self-administered questionnaire. The associations between household income and HFE during all three trimesters were assessed with one-way ANOVA, repeated measure ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results The sample sizes for each trimester were 1288,1049, and 168 pregnant women respectively. The mean (SD) age was 28.3 (5.6) years. The mean (SD) monthly household income and the expenditure were USD 261.29 (203.58) and USD 168.41 (108.68) respectively. The mean (SD) monthly HFE for each trimester were USD 55.18 (32.90), USD 55.07 (30.93), and USD 55.46 (31.67). There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.022, p = 0.429) between household income and HFE in the 1st trimester and there were significant positive correlations in the 2nd (r = 0.275, p = 0.001) and 3rd trimesters (r = 0.403, p = 0.001). The household food expenditure share (HFES) out of total expenditure across three trimesters (35.0%, 33.3%, and 36.3%) were significantly different [F(2,134) = 3.82, p = 0.024]. The HFES in the income quintiles showed statistically significant difference only in the 2nd trimester [F(4,871) = 9.97, p = 0.001] and the HFHS from the lowest to the highest quintile were 36.1%, 31.7%, 32.1%, 30.0%, and 27.7% respectively. Conclusions On average, Sri Lankan rural pregnant women spend USD 55.24 as HFE and the HFES is 34.9%. The reported HFES value is consistent with the national household estimates in Sri Lanka. Even though the income is positively correlated with food expenditure, the HFES across income quintiles remain high during pregnancy, which reflects the perceived importance of addressing food requirements irrespective of the income. Funding Sources Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD), World Bank.

The role of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages in the food budget: change across birth cohorts and between socio-economic groups

PurposeThis study investigates how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study examines how the socio-economic gaps in the consumption of said products have evolved across birth cohorts.Design/methodology/approachThe research data are drawn from the Finnish household expenditure surveys covering the period 1985–2016 (n = 44,286). An age-period-cohort methodology is utilised through the age-period-cohort-trended lag model. The model assumes that the linear long-term component of change is caused by generations replacing one-another, and that the age effect is similar across cohorts.FindingsSugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of more recent birth cohorts' food baskets. Cohort differences were larger in beverage consumption. Lower income was associated with a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in several cohorts. A higher education level was linked to a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in more cohorts than a lower education level. In cohorts born before the 1950s, non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of the food baskets of the high socio-economic status groups. This gap reversed over time, leading to larger food expenditure shares of non-alcoholic beverages in low socio-economic status groups.Originality/valueThis study assessed how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study assessed how socio-economic differences in the consumption of said products have changed. The results highlight that sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupy larger portions of more recent birth cohorts’ food baskets. The results also highlight a reversal of socioeconomic differences in non-alcoholic beverage consumption.

The Impact of a Produce Prescription Programme on Healthy Food Purchasing and Diabetes-Related Health Outcomes

Objective: To evaluate a Produce Prescription Programme’s utilisation, and its effects on healthy food purchasing and diabetes control among participants with type 2 diabetes. Design: Prospective cohort study using participants’ electronic health records (EHR) and food transaction data. Participants were categorized as “Frequent Spenders” and “Sometimes Spenders” based on utilisation frequency. Multivariate regressions assessed utilisation predictors; and programme effects on fruit/vegetable purchasing (spending, expenditure share, variety) and on diabetes-related outcomes (HbA1c, BMI, blood pressure). Setting: Patients enrolled by clinics in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Participants received $40 monthly for fruits and vegetables at a grocery store chain. Subjects: 699 food-insecure participants (353 with diabetes). Results: Being female and older was associated with higher programme utilisation; hospitalisations were negatively associated with programme utilisation. Frequent Spender status was associated with $8.77 more in fruit/vegetable spending (p < 0.001), 3.3% increase in expenditure share (p = 0.007), and variety increase of 2.52 fruits and vegetables (p < 0.001). For $10 of Produce Prescription Dollars spent, there was an $8.00 increase in fruit/vegetable spending (p < 0.001), 4.1% increase in expenditure share, and variety increase of 2.3 fruits/vegetables (p < 0.001). For the 353 participants with diabetes, there were no statistically significant relationships between programme utilisation and diabetes control. Conclusions: Programme utilisation was associated with healthier food purchasing, but the relatively short study period and modest intervention prevent making conclusions about health outcomes. Produce Prescription Programmes can increase healthy food purchasing among food-insecure people, which may improve chronic disease care.

Drought and food security in Senegal from the perspective of household access

&lt;p&gt;In the Sahel food security has been a top development priority since the abrupt onset of persistent drought caught the region by surprise in the early 1970s, causing repeated recurrences of extreme food insecurity. Research ultimately demonstrated the global climate root of drought, going so far as to partially attributing persistence to anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and greenhouse gases.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We exploit surveys collected in Senegal in the last 10 years to assess the year-to-year dynamics of household food security in relation to rainfall variability. We combine three variables from the household surveys, namely the Food Consumption Score, the Food Expenditure Share and the Reduced Coping Strategies Index, to explore the access dimension of food security. Cluster analysis on these three variables leads us to 1) classify households into categories of food security, and 2) discuss the response of each category of household to seasonality and year-to-year variability in climate.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The UN World Food Programme and in-country partner institutions normally survey thousands of households every few years, in order to assess &quot;baseline&quot; (as opposed to &quot;crisis&quot;) food security conditions. However, the years that Senegal households were surveyed in this most recent decade include 2014, a year of severe, national-scale drought. Comparison with the other, non-drought years allows to directly assess the shock from the perspective of the households themselves, and to describe coping mechanisms based on &quot;baseline&quot; food security category. We find that in the drought year (1) more of the &amp;#8220;average rural&amp;#8221; households that normally do not recur to coping strategies actually did, and (2) food expenditure share increases in all but one food security category.&lt;/p&gt;

Farm Households Food Demand and Its Determinants in Nigeria

Aims: The study examined the farming households’ food demand in Nigeria by, identifying the socio-economic characteristics of the farming households, assessing the monthly expenditure share of various categories of food in the total households’ food budget, analyzing the expenditure elasticities of the food classes and examining the factors influencing food demand. Methodology: A questionnaire was used as research instrument to elicit primary data from 120 farming households randomly selected through a multi-stage sampling method. The data analyses were done through the use of descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Results: The results show that 61.7 percent of the household heads were men while the mean age was 45.7 years. Most (92.5%) of the household heads were educated with mean household size of 7 persons and mean monthly income of N19, 435.20. The analysis of average monthly expenditure share of various food classes demanded for by the households reveals that roots and tubers food class had the largest (48%) share of households’ total food expenditure while flesh foods and dairy products came last with just 2 percent. In addition, expenditure elasticities of the six classes of food considered indicate that demand for roots and tubers, starchy food, fruits and vegetables and fats and oil food classes were inelastic while that of Flesh foods and dairy products and protein grains were elastic. Also it was revealed that farm households with small household sizes consume more proteinous foods. The determinants that had the expected sign and cut across all food classes were the price of individual food category and household income. Conclusion: The study analysed the farming households’ food demand and its determinants and in order to improve the farm households’ demand for food, it is recommended that policies to prevent upward or downward swings in the prices of foods in the economy should be put in place.

Measuring Aggregate Price Indices with Taste Shocks: Theory and Evidence for CES Preferences*

We develop an approach to measuring the cost of living for CES preferences that treats demand shocks as taste shocks that are equivalent to price shocks. In the presence of relative taste shocks, the Sato-Vartia price index is upward biased because an increase in the relative consumer taste for a variety lowers its taste-adjusted price and raises its expenditure share. By failing to allow for this association, the Sato-Vartia index underweights drops in taste-adjusted prices and overweights increases in taste-adjusted prices, leading to what we call a “taste-shock bias.” We show that this bias generalizes to other invertible demand systems.