CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: III. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SEVERAL CHEMICALS TO PERENNIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (9) ◽  
pp. 442-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
J. M. Manson ◽  
T. K. Pavlychenko ◽  
P. Garrow
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Lethal Dosage

Of 15 chemicals applied to perennial weeds over the same range of dosages, only five appear to possess a useful toxicity as judged by the number of living plants 12 months after treatment. The effective chemicals can be classified into three groups according to their toxicity, (i) sodium chlorate; (ii) barium chlorate and arsenic pentoxide; and (iii) ammonium thiocyanate and sodium arsenite. The relative toxicity of these three groups of chemicals, judged from the certainly lethal dosage, appears to fall in the proportions of 1:1.5:> 2.

CHEMICAL WEED-KILLERS: IV. RELATIVE TOXICITIES AND LOCI OF ABSORPTION OF SELECTED CHEMICALS APPLIED TO PERENNIALS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (10) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Permanent Reduction ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Lethal Dosage

Twelve chemicals previously found to be highly toxic to annual weeds were applied to a perennial weed in three different ways, viz., to the foliage only, to the soil only, and to both the soil and foliage. The chlorate ion was found to be most toxic, but sodium selenite, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium dichromate, and sodium arsenite were all reasonably effective at higher dosages. None of the other chemicals caused any significant, permanent reduction in growth at the dosages used. The permanent effect of a treatment appears to be due almost entirely to the action of the chemical in the soil, and the ineffectiveness of certain chemicals can be attributed to their rapid detoxication by the soil. Although all the chemicals exert a temporary, and in some cases, a slight permanent effect, when applied to the foliage only, this method of application is generally ineffective owing to the inability of the leaves and stems to retain or absorb a lethal dosage.

Gains to the Grower from Weed Science

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Planning Committee ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Weed Science ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Review Current

First of all I would like to bring greetings from the Canada Weed Committee (CWC). Under one name or another this Committee has met every year since 1929 when it was organized by a handful of workers to coordinate their tests with sodium chlorate, sodium arsenite, sulphuric acid, etc. The CWC still meets as a working planning committee to review current work, up-date recommendations and coordinate testing for the forthcoming year.

scholarly journals Relative susceptibility of the Bikaner and Delhi populations of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its predator, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to different insecticides

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
K. Shankarganesh ◽  
Sachin Suresh Suroshe ◽  
Bishwajeet Paul
Keyword(s):  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Relative Susceptibility

A study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of five insecticides against the Delhi and Bikaner populations of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), using the leaf dip method, and against Coccinella septempunctata L. in semi-field conditions. Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were found to be more toxic than other insecticides. After 24 h, the LC50 values for the Bikaner population against different insecticides were 7.0, 6.0, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.0 ppm for carbosulfan, bifenthrin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam, respectively. Similarly, the descending order of toxicity for the Delhi population was acetamiprid (7.0 ppm), thiamethoxam (9.0 ppm), imidacloprid (15.0 ppm), carbosulfan (32.0 ppm) and bifenthrin (36.0 ppm). The relative toxicity values suggest that in both populations, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid show the highest toxicity. Carbosulfan and bifenthrin were highly toxic to coccinellid grubs and resulted in 100% mortality in semi-field conditions, whereas the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiamethoxam showed less mortality. It showed the tolerance of coccinellidae against neonicotinoids under semi-field conditions.

Revegetation Following Massive Application of Selected Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Isensee ◽  
W. C. Shaw ◽  
W. A. Gentner ◽  
C. R. Swanson ◽  
B. C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Residual Control ◽  
Term Response

This investigation was initiated in 1954 at Beltsville, Maryland, to determine the initial and long-term response of vegetation to, and persistence of, massive quantities of herbicides. Vegetative responses were determined 1, 2, 3, and 15 years after treatment. Residual phytotoxicity and herbicide residues were determined 14 years after treatment with bioassay and chemical analysis. After 3 years, revegetation was nearly complete in plots treated with massive (up to 400 times recommended agricultural rates) quantities of fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), monuron [3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), chlorpropham (isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate), sodium chlorate, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], borax, sodium chlorate plus borax, and 2,4-D plus borax. Only diuron [3-(3,4-di chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], DMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea] sodium arsenite, and sodium arsenite plus sodium chlorate gave residual control of vegetation for more than 3 years. Revegetated plots were identical to untreated check plots whether the vegetation was initially killed by chemical or mechanical methods. Phytotoxic soil residues of DMU, diuron, and arsenate were present 14 years after application.

DECOMPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN SOILS, AND EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENT CROP GROWTH. PART II

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Newton ◽  
A. D. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Serious Injury

Further experiments at Edmonton to determine the effects on soils and on subsequent crop growth of copper sulphate, sodium chlorate, and sodium dichromate, are reported, together with new experiments with ammonium thiocyanate. The field plot experiments were limited to Edmonton black soil, but three typical Alberta soils, including Edmonton soil, were used in the laboratory experiments. Copper sulphate applied to a series of fallow plots in 1931 did not affect the yields of wheat on these plots significantly in 1932, or the yields of wheat, oats, rye and flax on these plots in 1933. The soil was not appreciably injured, even temporarily, by the copper sulphate. Sodium chlorate was applied to one series of fallow plots in 1930, and to another series in 1931. The effect of the heaviest applications (1300 lb. per acre) lasted for three years in one series, but serious injury to crops from such heavy applications did not last for more than two years in either series. Sodium dichromate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932. It reduced the wheat yields very much in 1932, but did not reduce crop yields the following year in either series, as it decomposed and lost its toxicity in the soil rather quickly. Ammonium thiocyanate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932, and it reduced the wheat yields even more than sodium dichromate in 1932. It retarded nitrification and did not decompose and lose its toxicity completely during the season of application, but even in the cases of the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre) the toxic effect disappeared early in the following season. The total and straw yields of crops sown on these plots were generally increased by the lighter applications (160 and 325 lb. per acre) in 1933, but the grain yields were generally reduced by the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre). Growth of certain annual weeds was considerably stimulated by this nitrogenous weed killer in 1933 and 1934, in the plots to which the heavier applications had been made. Laboratory experiments showed that the thiocyanate may be leached out of a soil with water; that it decomposes fairly rapidly in soils under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature and more rapidly in fertile soil rich in organic matter than in poorer soil; and that nitrification in soils is depressed for a time by the ammonium thiocyanate.

MARINE BORER STUDIES: EVALUATION OF TOXICANTS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Trussell ◽  
C. O. Fulton ◽  
C. J. Cameron ◽  
B. A. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Minimum Concentration

Of 115 compounds tested for toxicity to adult Bankia setacea imbedded in wooden blocks, the most toxic was sodium arsenite, which gave a complete kill at 25 p.p.m. (as arsenic trioxide) after 18 hr. exposure. The relative toxicity of chemically pure sodium arsenite and various commercial concentrates to Bankia setacea was measured. The minimum concentration of sodium arsenite necessary to completely kill adult Bankia setacea was determined for exposure periods ranging from 10 min. to 24 hr. Limited observations were made on the toxicity of sodium arsenite to Limnoria lignorum and Limnoria tripunctata.

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