DECOMPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN SOILS, AND EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENT CROP GROWTH. PART II

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Newton ◽  
A. D. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Serious Injury

Further experiments at Edmonton to determine the effects on soils and on subsequent crop growth of copper sulphate, sodium chlorate, and sodium dichromate, are reported, together with new experiments with ammonium thiocyanate. The field plot experiments were limited to Edmonton black soil, but three typical Alberta soils, including Edmonton soil, were used in the laboratory experiments. Copper sulphate applied to a series of fallow plots in 1931 did not affect the yields of wheat on these plots significantly in 1932, or the yields of wheat, oats, rye and flax on these plots in 1933. The soil was not appreciably injured, even temporarily, by the copper sulphate. Sodium chlorate was applied to one series of fallow plots in 1930, and to another series in 1931. The effect of the heaviest applications (1300 lb. per acre) lasted for three years in one series, but serious injury to crops from such heavy applications did not last for more than two years in either series. Sodium dichromate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932. It reduced the wheat yields very much in 1932, but did not reduce crop yields the following year in either series, as it decomposed and lost its toxicity in the soil rather quickly. Ammonium thiocyanate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932, and it reduced the wheat yields even more than sodium dichromate in 1932. It retarded nitrification and did not decompose and lose its toxicity completely during the season of application, but even in the cases of the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre) the toxic effect disappeared early in the following season. The total and straw yields of crops sown on these plots were generally increased by the lighter applications (160 and 325 lb. per acre) in 1933, but the grain yields were generally reduced by the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre). Growth of certain annual weeds was considerably stimulated by this nitrogenous weed killer in 1933 and 1934, in the plots to which the heavier applications had been made. Laboratory experiments showed that the thiocyanate may be leached out of a soil with water; that it decomposes fairly rapidly in soils under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature and more rapidly in fertile soil rich in organic matter than in poorer soil; and that nitrification in soils is depressed for a time by the ammonium thiocyanate.

scholarly journals DECOMPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN SOILS, AND EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENT CROP GROWTH

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Bowser ◽  
J. D. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Soil Microbiological Activity ◽  
Micro Organisms

Experiments were conducted to determine the residual effect of sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, sodium chlorate, barium chlorate and sodium dichromate on three typical Alberta soils. No problem of residual effect was found with the two leaf sprays, sulphuric acid and copper sulphate. Sodium chlorate will remain toxic over a period of about two years, depending mainly on the organic matter content of the soil and the amount of leaching that takes place. The distance that the chlorate will leach down into the subsoil will depend on the amount of rainfall and the character of the soil. As soon as the chlorate is leached out or is reduced the soil returns to its normal productive power. Sodium dichromate decomposes very rapidly in the soil. It has a depressing effect on nitrification and on the activity of the soil micro-organisms. However, there is practically no residual effect from the use of sodium dichromate on soils of medium to high organic matter content.

1195 Effect of baling or grazing of corn residue on the subsequent crop yields

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 573-574
Author(s):  
K. M. Ulmer ◽  
J. L. Cox ◽  
M. K. Rakkar ◽  
R. G. Bondurant ◽  
M. E. Drewnoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Subsequent Crop

scholarly journals Agro-Environmental Rationale of Sewage Sludge Processing and Application

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Mineral

Conservation agriculture is becoming a priority for Ukraine as well as for many countries of the world. It is a known fact that high content of heavy metals in the soil impairs fertility and carries the risk of crops translocation. An agroecological effect of obtaining and applying organic-mineral fertilizers has been insufficiently studied so far. The purpose of the work is to determine possibilities to produce new organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge with enhanced adsorbing properties, to establish their agroecological efficiency. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical-mathematical. Results. From the agroecological point of view, the production process of organic-mineral fertilizers based on the sewage sludge of Kharkiv is justified. It allows us to expand functional capabilities of reagents, enhancing adsorbing properties of heavy metals. It is proved the advantage of organic-mineral fertilizers over the traditional ones on chernozem typical. After fertilization, the content of total carbon in the soil increased, the content of humic acids increased by 1,5 – 2,8 times, fulvic acids – by 1,1 – 1,7 times, the total sum of humic substances – by 1,3 – 2,1 times compared with no fertilizer option. It is established that application of organic-mineral fertilizers promotes blocking of heavy metals in soil and prevents translocation to plant. Maximum yields of corn were obtained after the local application of granular organic-mineral fertilizers – the yield increase was 41% compared to the control, after introduction of bulk fertilizers – 32% compared to the control. Profit was $ 23 -36 per hectare. Conclusions. The process of organic-mineral fertilizers production on the basis of sewage sludge in Kharkiv is substantiated from the agro-ecological point of view. Agroecological and agrochemical efficacy of sewage sludge use as compared to organic and mineral fertilizers applied in equivalent doses separately was established on the typical heavy loam chernozem. After introduction of organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge a significant increase in the concentration of trace elements and heavy metals was found in the black soil but these indicators did not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations. The implementation of the proposed technology will reduce bioavailability of heavy metals and their mobility in the soil which, in turn, impedes their accumulation in products. It is expected to increase soil fertility, crop yields and obtain environmentally friendly and safe products due to the stable composition of innovative fertilizers.

RESOURCE MODELLING: ITS NATURE AND USE

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (S143) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sands
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Management Of Resources ◽  
Resource Modelling ◽  
Simple Regression ◽  
Crop System ◽  
Resource Systems

AbstractTo improve management of resources, such as agricultural crops or forests, scientists attempt to analyse the resource systems and to predict the consequences or outcomes of interventions. They construct models of interactions of components of the systems, drawing on knowledge and experience. In agriculture, five types of models have become common — empirical, crop–weather, crop–growth, crop–system, and crop–process. The models aim mainly to predict crop yields when a series of actions are taken. They differ markedly in complexity, from a simple regression to a series of mechanistic relations aimed at simulating the crop system. The uses to which a model is to be put, and by whom it will be used, are major determinants of the nature of the model so modellers must work with the potential users. In fact, modelling is an exercise in human relations as much as in science. All things being equal, the simpler the model is that meets the objectives of the users, the better are the chances of its being used.

scholarly journals Back to Basics: Does Seed Size Affect Germination and Plant Uniformity in Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea var Italica)?

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Celia van Sprang ◽  
Gayathri Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Field Uniformity ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Size Variability ◽  
The Impact

Hand harvested crops, such as brassicas and lettuce, are prone to high levels of variability during growth and at harvest. This necessitates multiple harvest passes and substantially increased labour costs for the grower. Both biotic and abiotic factors contribute to this lack of field uniformity. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) seed size variability on germination, subsequent crop growth and harvest uniformity. An initial experiment was conducted where germination counts across three seed-size categories including, 2.0mm (SS1), 2.3 mm (SS2) and 2.45 mm (SS3), were recorded at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after sowing (DAS). At 14 DAS, germination was greater in the SS1 (95%) and SS2 (91%) than the SS3 (66%) (P < 0.005). A second experiment evaluated the same seed categories planted under direct seeded (DS) and transplanted (TR) conditions to identify differences in crop growth and development. At 49 DAS, DS plant counts per plot were lowest for the SS3 (54.5 plants plot−1) compared with the SS1 (70.5 plants plot−1) and SS2 (64 plants plot−1). This could be attributed to the reduced seed coat thickness evident in the SS3 (66.3 μm) which can potentially lead to increased damage and mortality of the seed, compared with the SS1 (79.3 μm) and SS2 (73.1 μm). The TR treatment gave greater uniformity with no significant difference (P < 0.05) in plant populations across seed size categories (SS1 = 95, SS2 = 90 and SS3 = 96 plants plot−1).

Experiments in the control of Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.) M.B. Ellis by fungicides

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Janes
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Facial Eczema

Fungicides were tested for their capacity to control Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.), M. B. Ellis, the fungus causing a liver damage and facial eczema in sheep. The tests measured spore germination on filter paper and spore production on perennial ryegrass litter sprayed with the fungicides. In laboratory experiments the following fungicides showed promise : phenyl mercuric salicylanilide, captan, ziram, sodium orthophenyl phenate, thiram, salicylanilide, didlone, maneb, N-para tolyl dichloromaleimide, and a mixed difhiocarbamic acid oxidation product. Copper sulphate, copper oxychloride, and cuprous oxide were not promising. The first five chemicals, plus copper sulphate and copper oxychloride, were also tested in the glasshouse, and did not give control.

scholarly journals Fertimetro, a Principle and Device to Measure Soil Nutrient Availability for Plants by Microbial Degradation Rates on Differently-Spiked Buried Threads

Soil Systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Concheri ◽  
Stefano Tiozzo ◽  
Piergiorgio Stevanato ◽  
Francesco Morari ◽  
Antonio Berti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Soil Nutrient Availability ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Kinetics Of

A novel patented method (PCT/IB2012/001157: Squartini, Concheri, Tiozzo, University of Padova) and the corresponding application devices, suitable to measure soil fertility, are presented. The availability or deficiency of specific nutrients for crops is assessed by monitoring the kinetics of progressive weakening of cotton or silk threads due to in situ microbial activity. The method is based on a nutrient-primed incremented substrate degradation principle. Threads are buried as is or pre-impregnated with N or P solutions, and the acceleration of the degradation rate for the N-supplemented or P-supplemented thread, in comparison to the untreated thread, is proportional to the lack of the corresponding nutrient in that soil. Tests were validated on corn crops in plots receiving increasing fertilizer rates in a historical rotation that has been established since 1962. The measurement carried out in May significantly correlated with the subsequent crop yields recorded in October. The analysis allows an early, inexpensive, fast, and reproducible self-assessment at field level to improve fertilization rates. The device is envisaged as a user-friendly tool for agronomy, horticulture, and any environmental applications where organic matter cycling, soil quality, and specific nutrients excess or deficiency are critical considerations.

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