Chloramine Toxicity to the Amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

The amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus was subjected to 96-hr and 15-week exposures, and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to a 21-week exposure, to various chloramine concentrations under continuous-flow conditions. The most marked sublethal effects were reductions in the number of young produced by the amphipod and in egg production by the minnow. The 96-hr median tolerance limit for the amphipod was 220 μg/liter total chloramine. Fathead minnows in the long-term study were all killed at the highest concentration, 154 μg/liter total chloramine, within 3 days. The lowest measured total chloramine concentration in the long-term tests having no significant effect was < 3.4 μg/liter for the amphipod and 16.5 μg/liter for the fathead minnow.

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Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Carbaryl (Sevin) on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f72-097 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 583-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

A. R. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Fathead Minnow ◽

Pimephales Promelas ◽

Threshold Concentration ◽

Fathead Minnows ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

High Concentration ◽

Toxicant Concentration ◽

Growth And Reproduction

When fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to five concentrations (0.008–0.68 mg/liter) of the insecticide carbaryl for 9 months and throughout a life cycle, the highest concentration prevented reproduction and decreased survival. At the high concentration, testes contained motile sperm and ovaries were in a flaccid condition and appeared to be in a resorptive state. At the 0.68 mg/liter concentration, carbaryl appeared to contribute to mortality of larvae (produced by unexposed parents) within 30 days of hatching. Survival of young grown in the 0.008 mg/liter concentration was reduced. Since no demonstrable effects were noted for survival, growth, or reproduction at the 0.017, 0.062, and 0.21 mg/liter concentrations, this low survival value is considered not due to carbaryl. The 96-hr median tolerance concentration (TL 50) and the lethal threshold concentration (LTC) for 2-month-old fathead minnows were 9.0 mg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for fathead minnows exposed to carbaryl in water with a hardness of 45.2 mg/liter and a pH of 7.5 lies between 0.21 and 0.68 mg/liter. The application factors (MATC/96-hr TL50 and MATC/LTC) both lie between 0.023 and 0.075.

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Effect of Lime Neutralized Iron Hydroxide Suspensions on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f73-185 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 1147-1153 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

E. J. Smith ◽

J. L. Sykora ◽

M. A. Shapiro

Keyword(s):

Fathead Minnow ◽

Iron Hydroxide ◽

Pimephales Promelas ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Fathead Minnows ◽

Safe Level ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Flow Through ◽

Growth And Reproduction

The long-term effect of lime neutralized suspended iron on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) survival, growth, and reproduction was assessed in a flow-through environment with a modified proportional diluter. Results of 12 months of testing reveal lower survival and declining growth of fathead minnows with an increase in lime neutralized suspended iron concentration. Hatchability and growth of fathead minnows were appreciably reduced in the lowest insoluble iron concentration tested, 1.5 mg Fe/liter. Reduced hatchability was attributed to the higher percentage of smaller particles in low lime neutralized iron concentrations. A comparison of data on survival, growth, and hatchability indicates that the safe level of suspended iron for fathead minnows presumably lies between the control and 1.5 mg Fe/liter.

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