DETERMINANTS OF WORLD DEMAND FOR U.S. CORN SEEDS: THE ROLE OF TRADE COSTS

This paper estimates the trade costs from international relative prices, and studies the economic determinants of implied trade costs. We find that the magnitude of trade costs depends on the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. In particular, it is found that higher non-traded input share and trade barriers, and lower tradability of goods lead to a larger trade cost, as does a lower proximity of geographic distance between locations.

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The Role of Trade Costs in the Russian-Paraguayan Trade Relations

Latin American Journal of Trade Policy ◽

10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Valeriia S. Ryzhkova ◽

Alexandra G. Koval

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Costs ◽

Cultural Barriers ◽

Export Diversification ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Mutual Interest ◽

Latin American Countries

The changed geopolitical situation and deterioration of Russia-West relations has induced the expansion of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Latin American countries. Currently, Paraguay is explicitly showing its readiness to strengthen recently built trade relations with Russia. In order to fuel their increased mutual interest, it is crucial to struggle with impediments that hinder the trade between them. The export potential assessments demonstrate that Russia and Paraguay indeed have potential to intensify bilateral trade, even though the opportunities for export diversification are quite limited. The authors conduct a survey to identify the major trade costs and their role in the development of the Russian-Paraguayan trade relations. The survey findings reveal that transportation and logistics costs significantly impede the exports of both countries as well as information-related obstacles represent the top concern for Russian export companies, while non-tariff measures, language and cultural barriers are relevant for Paraguayan firms. In order to intensify the Russian-Paraguayan commercial relations, the policy makers could deal with these barriers via a higher exchange of market information through different institutional channels.

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The Significance of Grain in the Development of the Tobacco Colonies

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700067656 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 268-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

David Klingaman

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Economic History ◽

Colonial Period ◽

American Colonies ◽

Leading Role ◽

Rapid Economic Growth ◽

World Demand ◽

The Subject ◽

Upper South

The economic development of the American colonies is one of the least explored areas in American economic history. Since the several regions in the colonies followed somewhat different paths of development, the colonial puzzle can be gradually pieced together through research which concentrates on particular regions. The subject of this study is an important aspect of the development of the tobacco colonies during approximately the thirty years preceding 1770. George Rogers Taylor and Jacob M. Price have suggested that the second and third quarters of the eighteenth century brought “rapid economic growth” to the tobacco colonies and a “marked resumption of growth” in tobacco exports. The findings of this study will suggest some reservations concerning the leading role of tobacco during this time. The series on American tobacco exports to Great Britain suggests that there was virtual stagnation in the first quarter of the eighteenth century followed by perhaps a doubling of exports in the second quarter and then near stagnation in the third quarter until the year 1771. The reason for the leap in tobacco exports in 1771 to a high plateau of approximately 100 million pounds annually during 1771–1775 is unknown. What is important for analysis of the growth and development of the tobacco colonies, however, is that the exceptionally high exports in the last five years of the colonial period tend to mask what was apparently a slow and erratic growth in world demand for American tobacco exports in the immediately preceding decades. The assumption that tobacco was a booming sector in the economy of the upper South at this time is open to question.

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