Diabetic Foot Wounds — Types of Wounds and Classification Systems

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Aziz Nather ◽  
Ting Fang Tan
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Annelise Camilleri ◽  
Alfred Gatt ◽  
Cynthia Formosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Dongkeun Jun ◽  
Yongseok Kwon ◽  
Jaehyun Bae ◽  
Myungchul Lee ◽  
Jeenam Kim ◽  
...  

Background: Many wound assessment systems including the Wagner classification and University of Texas (UT) grading system have been previously described. The authors of this study applied the DIRECT (Debridement of necrosis, Infection control, Revascularization, Exudate control, Chronicity, and Top surface) wound coding system for initial assessment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) to predict limb salvage and prognosis.<br/>Methods: From January 2016 to February 2020, a total of 169 first-time DFU patients were retrospectively evaluated using the DIRECT wound coding assessment system. DFUs were followed up for at least 6 months, and scores in each component of the coding system according to final limb status were statistically evaluated. The coding assessment’s ability to predict major amputation was compared to those of the Wagner classification and the UT grading system.<br/>Results: Subjects were divided into complete healing (n=80, 47.3%), not healed (n=71, 42%), and amputation (n=18, 10.7%) groups. The mean values of each component of DIRECT assessment for the complete healing/amputation groups were D 0.86/1.56 (P<0.001), I 0.46/0.89 (P=0.001), R 0.65/0.94 (P=0.014), E 1.15/1.56 (P=0.049), C 0.69/0.89 (P=0.086), T 0.53/0.72 (P=0.13) and the sum was 3.140/4.741 (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the DIRECT, Wagner, and UT grading systems was 0.722, 0.603, and 0.663, respectively.<br/>Conclusion: The DIRECT coding system shows a greater association with prediction of amputation or complete healing, compared with the Wagner and UT wound classification systems. This more accurate wound assessment system will be helpful in predicting prognosis and planning treatments.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Bravo-Molina ◽  
José Patricio Linares-Palomino ◽  
Blanca Vera-Arroyo ◽  
Luis Miguel Salmerón-Febres ◽  
Eduardo Ros-Díe

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cândida R Parisi ◽  
Denise E Zantut-Wittmann ◽  
Elizabeth J Pavin ◽  
Helymar Machado ◽  
Márcia Nery ◽  
...  

ObjectiveThe aim was to compare three ulcer classification systems as predictors of the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers: the Wagner, the University of Texas (UT) and the size (area, depth), sepsis, arteriopathy, denervation system (S(AD)SAD) systems in a specialist clinic in Brazil.MethodsUlcer area, depth, appearance, infection and associated ischaemia and neuropathy were recorded in a consecutive series of 94 subjects. A novel score, the S(AD)SAD score, was derived from the sum of individual items of the S(AD)SAD system, and was evaluated. Follow-up was for at least 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of healing.ResultsMean age was 57.6 years; 57 (60.6%) were male. Forty-eight ulcers (51.1%) healed without surgery; 11 (12.2%) subjects underwent minor amputation. Significant differences in terms of healing were observed for depth (P=0.002), infection (P=0.006) and denervation (P=0.002) using the S(AD)SAD system, for UT grade (P=0.002) and stage (P=0.032) and for Wagner grades (P=0.002). Ulcers with an S(AD)SAD score of ≤9 (total possible 15) were 7.6 times more likely to heal than scores ≥10 (P<0.001).ConclusionsAll three systems predicted ulcer outcome. The S(AD)SAD score of ulcer severity could represent a useful addition to routine clinical practice. The association between outcome and ulcer depth confirms earlier reports. The association with infection was stronger than that reported from the centres in Europe or North America. The very strong association with neuropathy has only previously been observed in Tanzania. Studies designed to compare the outcome in different countries should adopt systems of classification, which are valid for the populations studied.


2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren S. Joseph ◽  
Benjamin A. Lipsky

Diabetic foot infections are a common and often serious problem, accounting for more hospital bed days than any other complication of diabetes. Despite advances in antibiotic drug therapy and surgical management, these infections continue to be a major risk factor for amputations of the lower extremity. Although a variety of wound size and depth classification systems have been adapted for use in codifying diabetic foot ulcerations, none are specific to infection. In 2003, the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot developed guidelines for managing diabetic foot infections, including the first severity scale specific to these infections. The following year, the Infectious Diseases Society of America published their diabetic foot infection guidelines. Herein, we review some of the critical points from the Executive Summary of the Infectious Diseases Society of America document and provide a commentary following each issue to update the reader on any pertinent changes that have occurred since publication of the original document in 2004. The importance of a multidisciplinary limb salvage team, apropos of this special issue jointly published by the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Surgery, cannot be overstated. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(5): 395–400, 2010)


Author(s):  
Yasmee Khan ◽  
Manal M. Khan ◽  
M. Raza Farooqui

Diabetic foot ulcers are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus which increases the patient morbidity and also have significant socioeconomic impact. The present review aims to summarize the causes and pathogenesis leading to diabetic foot ulcers, various classification systems and to focus on the current management of this significant and preventable health condition.


2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Vilius Petrėtis ◽  
Audrius Gradauskas ◽  
Jonas Činčikas

Vilius Petrėtis1, Audrius Gradauskas2, Jonas Činčikas11 Vilniaus miesto universitetinės ligoninės Chirurgijos klinika,2 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakultetoBendrosios medicinos praktikos ir slaugos katedra,Vilniaus miesto universitetinės ligoninės Chirurgijos klinika,Antakalnio g. 57, LT-2040, VilniusEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Cukrinis diabetas ligoniui dabar nėra toks pavojingas, kaip šios ligos sukeltos komplikacijos. Viena jų yra diabetinės pėdos sindromas – pagrindinė cukriniu diabetu sergančių ligonių hospitalizavimo ir amputacijų priežastis. Nors yra labai daug ligonių, sergančių diabetinės pėdos sindromu, ir šis skaičius vis didėja, tačiau iki šiol nėra sukurtos vienodos diabetinės pėdos klasifikavimo sistemos. Viena iš priežasčių ta, kad šis sindromas turėtų būti vertinamas ir gydomas kelių klinikinių disciplinų specialistų: bendrojo chirurgo, kraujagyslių chirurgo, endokrinologo. Į šią problemą norėjome pažvelgti iš bendrojo chirurgo pozicijų. Tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti diabetinės pėdos epidemiologiją, suklasifikuoti diabetinę pėdą pagal tris klasifikavimo sistemas, paanalizuoti šių klasifikavimo sistemų pranašumus ir trūkumus, nustatyti cukrinio diabeto komplikacijų priklausomybę nuo įvairių epidemiologinių veiksnių bei cukrinio diabeto tipo, apžvelgti diabetinės pėdos sindromo simptomatiką. Metodai 1992–2002 metais Vilniaus miesto universitetinės ligoninės Bendrosios chirurgijos skyriuje nuo diabetinės pėdos sindromo buvo gydomas 441 pacientas. Duomenys rinkti pildant tam tikros formos anketas. Rezultatai Iš 54,6% vyrų ir 45,4% moterų 85,7% sirgo II tipo ir 14,3% – I tipo cukriniu diabetu. Vyrų ir moterų santykis – 1,20. Dėl diabetinės pėdos sindromo hospitalizuoti ligoniai diabetu sirgo vidutiniškai 13,5±7,9 metų, o 2,9% ligonių diabetas hospitalizavimo metu buvo diagnozuotas pirmąkart. Vidutinis ligonių amžius – 63,8±11,7 metų. 32,9% ligonių hospitalizuoti dėl neuropatinės, 42,4%– dėl neuroischeminės ir 24,7% – dėl mišrios diabetinės pėdos. Tiriant sistemines diabeto komplikacijas, 29,0% ligonių diagnozuota nefropatija, 25,8% – retinopatija ir 4,5% – encefalopatija. Sisteminių diabeto komplikacijų nebuvo 56,9% ligonių. Vieną komplikaciją turėjo 29,0% ligonių, dvi – 12,5%, visas tris pirmiau minėtas sistemines komplikacijas – 1,6% ligonių. Dažniausiai dėl diabetinės pėdos sindromo hospitalizuojamiems ligoniams nustatomos kelios diagnozės: pūlynas – 88,5%, gangrena – 41,1%, pėdos kaulų osteomielitas – 29,8%, galūnės opa – 25,3% atvejų. Vidutinė hospitalizavimo dėl diabetinės pėdos sindromo trukmė yra 40,0±1,58 dienos. Pagrindinis simptomas, varginęs daugiau kaip 90% ligonių, buvo galūnės skausmas, per 70% ligonių skundėsi patinimu. Daugiau kaip pusei ligonių buvo pūliavimas, sutrikusi galūnės funkcija. Išvados Diabetinės pėdos tipas nepriklauso nuo cukrinio diabeto tipo ir paciento lyties. Cukraligės sisteminės komplikacijos – nefropatija, retinopatija, encefalopatija būdingesnės mišraus tipo diabetinės pėdos sindromu sergantiems ligoniams. Diabetinė nefropatija būdingesnė ligoniams, sergantiems I tipo cukralige. Dažniausiai hospitalizuotiems ligoniams nustatomos kelios diagnozės (pvz., galūnės gangrena, pūlynas ir opa). Diabetinė pėdos opa būdingesnė II tipo cukraligei, pėdos gangrena – neuroischeminio tipo diabetinės pėdos sindromui. Klasifikavimo sistema turėtų būti paprasta, tiksli, specifiška ir pritaikyta praktiniam darbui. Wagnerio klasifikavimo sistema galėtų būti taikoma pirminės sveikatos priežiūros grandyje, S(AD) SAD sistema labiau tiktų retrospektyviems tyrimams, o pagal Paprastąją stadijų nustatymo sistemą (Simple Staging System) turėtų būtų klasifikuojamos hospitalizuotų ligonių diabetinės pėdos. Prasminiai žodžiai: cukrinis diabetas, diabetinė pėda, epidemiologija, simptomatika, klasifikacija. Diabetic foot: epidemiology, classification, symptoms Vilius Petrėtis1, Audrius Gradauskas2, Jonas Činčikas1 Background / objective Diabetes mellitus for a patient is not as dangerous as its complications. One of these complications is diabetic foot syndrome which is the main reason for hospitalization and amputation among patients ill with diabetes mellitus. Although the number of patients ill with diabetic foot syndrome is rapidly increasing, there is no unified system of diabetic foot classification. One of the reasons is that this syndrome must be treated by several clinicians: general surgeons, vascular surgeons, endocrinologists. The topics are analysed from the general surgeon's point of view. The aim of the study was to analyse the epidemiology and symptoms of diabetic foot syndrome, to classify diabetic foot according to three different classification systems used worlwide, and to find the advantages and disadvantages of these classification systems. Methods At the Vilnius City University Hospital, from 1992 to 2002 441 patients with diabetic foot syndrome were hospitalized. The data were collected from queationnaires. Results Of 54.6% of males and 45.4% of females, 85.7% were ill with type II and 14.3% with type I diabetes mellitus. The male to female ratio is 1.2. The average duration of diabetes mellitus for patients hospitalized with diabetic foot syndrome was 13.5 ± 7.9 years, and for 2.9% of patients diabetes mellitus for the first time was diagnosed during hospitalization. The average age was 63.8 ± 11.7 years. 32.9% of patients were hospitalized due to neuropathic, 42.4% due to neuroischemic and 24.7% due to mixed diabetic foot. 29.0% of patients had diabetic nephropathy, 25.8% diabetic retinopathy and 4.5% diabetic encephalopathy. 56.9% of patients had no systemic complications, 29.0% had one, 12.5% had two, 1.6% had three of all the above-mentioned systemic complications. Most frequently there were several diagnoses for a patient. Phlegmon of lower extremity was diagnosed in 88.5%, gangrene in 41.1%, osteomyelitis of foot bones in 29.8% and ulcer of foot in 25.3% of all cases. The average duration of hospitalization was 40.0 ± 1.58 days. The main symptom that affected over 90% of all patients was pain of the lower extremity, over 70% of patients suffered from swelling. Over half of all patients were referred to our hospital because of lower extremity suppuration and foot function disorders. Conclusions Diabetic foot type doesn't depend on the diabetes mellitus type and patient's sex. Diabetes mellitus systemic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, encephalopathy were more common in the mixed type of diabetic foot. Diabetic nephropathy was more common in type I diabetes mellitus. Frequently there were several diagnoses for a patient, e.g., gangrene, phlegmon and ulcer of a lower extremity. Foot ulcers were more common in type II diabetes mellitus. Gangrene of foot is more common in neuroischemic foot. The classification system has to be simple, exact, specific and useful for decision making. The Wagner classification system could be used in out-patient surgery departments, S(AD) SAD classification system could be useful for retrospective studies. Diabetic feet of hospitalized patients could be classified according to the Simple Staging System. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot, epidemiology, symptoms, classification


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