ITERATION OF QUATERNION MAPS

1995 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 877-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN BEDDING ◽  
KEITH BRIGGS

Quaternions are an extension of the idea of complex numbers to four dimensions. We discuss the iteration of linear and quadratic functions of the quaternions, and examine the rôle played by regularity (the analog of complex analyticity), in this context. In contrast to the complex case, regularity is not automatically preserved by iteration of quaternion functions. We find that demanding preservation of regularity is too restrictive, yielding very little new beyond the complex case. The quaternion generalisation of the Mandelbrot set is described.

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zireh

Abstract We use a commutative generalization of complex numbers called bicomplex numbers to introduce the bicomplex dynamics of polynomials of type 𝐸𝑑, 𝑓𝑐(𝑤) = 𝑤(𝑤 + 𝑐)𝑑. Rochon [Fractals 8: 355–368, 2000] proved that the Mandelbrot set of quadratic polynomials in bicomplex numbers of the form 𝑤2 + 𝑐 is connected. We prove that our generalized Mandelbrot set of polynomials of type 𝐸𝑑, 𝑓𝑐(𝑤) = 𝑤(𝑤 + 𝑐)𝑑, is connected.


1986 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-336
Author(s):  
Alastair McNaughton

Here is a method of representing quadratic functions by three-dimensional wire models. It enables one to form a simple geometric concept of the location of the imaginary zeros. I have been using this material with my students and have been delighted with the ease with which they respond to it. As a result, their confidence in dealing with complex numbers has increased, their concept of functions has shown much improvement, and they are attacking problems with real insight.


2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 2487-2555 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANNY CALEGARI ◽  
SARAH KOCH ◽  
ALDEN WALKER

In 1985, Barnsley and Harrington defined a ‘Mandelbrot Set’${\mathcal{M}}$for pairs of similarities: this is the set of complex numbers$z$with$0<|z|<1$for which the limit set of the semigroup generated by the similarities$$\begin{eqnarray}x\mapsto zx\quad \text{and}\quad x\mapsto z(x-1)+1\end{eqnarray}$$is connected. Equivalently,${\mathcal{M}}$is the closure of the set of roots of polynomials with coefficients in$\{-1,0,1\}$. Barnsley and Harrington already noted the (numerically apparent) existence of infinitely many small ‘holes’ in${\mathcal{M}}$, and conjectured that these holes were genuine. These holes are very interesting, since they are ‘exotic’ components of the space of (2-generator) Schottky semigroups. The existence of at least one hole was rigorously confirmed by Bandt in 2002, and he conjectured that the interior points are dense away from the real axis. We introduce the technique oftrapsto construct and certify interior points of${\mathcal{M}}$, and use them to prove Bandt’s conjecture. Furthermore, our techniques let us certify the existence of infinitely many holes in${\mathcal{M}}$.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vance Blankers ◽  
Tristan Rendfrey ◽  
Aaron Shukert ◽  
Patrick Shipman

Julia and Mandelbrot sets, which characterize bounded orbits in dynamical systems over the complex numbers, are classic examples of fractal sets. We investigate the analogs of these sets for dynamical systems over the hyperbolic numbers. Hyperbolic numbers, which have the form x + τ y for x , y ∈ R , and τ 2 = 1 but τ ≠ ± 1 , are the natural number system in which to encode geometric properties of the Minkowski space R 1 , 1 . We show that the hyperbolic analog of the Mandelbrot set parameterizes the connectedness of hyperbolic Julia sets. We give a wall-and-chamber decomposition of the hyperbolic plane in terms of these Julia sets.


2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-235
Author(s):  
Goran Muić ◽  

In this paper we study certain category of smooth modules for reductive p-adic groups analogous to the usual smooth complex representations but with the field of complex numbers replaced by a ℚ-algebra. We prove some fundamental results in these settings, and as an example we give a classification of admissible unramified irreducible representations using the reduction to the complex case.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3 (114)) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Wasan Saad Ahmed ◽  
Saad Qasim Abbas ◽  
Muntadher Khamees ◽  
Mustafa Musa Jaber

In this paper, the study of the dynamical behavior of logistic map has been disused with representing fractals graphics of map, the logistic map depends on two parameters and works in the complex plane, the map defined by f(z,α,β)=αz(1–z)β. where  and  are complex numbers, and β is a positive integers number, the visualization method used in this work to generate fractals of the map and to inspect the relation between the value of β and the shape of the map, this visualization analysis showed also that, as the value of β increasing, as the number of humps in the function also increasing, and it demonstrate that is true also for the function’s first iteration , f2(x0)=f(f(x0)) and the second iteration , f3(x0)=f(f2(x0)), beside that , the visualization technique showed that the number of humps in that fractal is less than the ones in the second iteration of the original function ,the study of the critical points and their properties of the logistic map also discussed it, whereas finding the fixed point led to find the critical point of the function f, in addition , it haven proven for the set of all pointsα∈C and β∈N, the iteration function f(f(z) has an attractive fixed points, and belongs to the region specified by the disc |1–β(α–1)|<1. Also, The discussion of the Mandelbrot set of the function defined by the f(f(z)) examined in complex plans using the path principle, such that the path of the critical point z=z0 is restricted, finally, it has proven that the Mandelbrot set f(z,α,β) contains all the attractive fixed points and all the complex numbers  in which α≤(1/β+1) (1/β+1) and the region containing the attractive fixed points for f2(z,α,β) was identified


Fractals ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOMINIC ROCHON

We use a commutative generalization of complex numbers called bicomplex numbers to introduce bicomplex dynamics. In particular, we give a generalization of the Mandelbrot set and of the "filled-Julia" sets in dimensions three and four. Also, we establish that our version of the Mandelbrot set with quadratic polynomial in bicomplex numbers of the form w2 + c is identically the set of points where the associated generalized "filled-Julia" set is connected. Moreover, we prove that our generalized Mandelbrot set of dimension four is connected.


Fractals ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL E. FISHBACK ◽  
MATTHEW D. HORTON

We describe the quadratic dynamics in certain three-component number systems, which like the complex numbers, can be expressed as rings of real matrices. This description is accomplished using the properties of the real quadratic family and its various first- and second-order phase and parameter derivatives. We demonstrate that the fundamental dichotomy of defining the Mandelbrot set either in terms of filled Julia sets or in terms of the orbit of the origin extends to these ternary number systems.


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