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2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Gyu Hyeon ◽  
Kwanjun Park ◽  
Taeseok Daniel Yang ◽  
Taedong Kong ◽  
Beop-Min Kim ◽  
...  

AbstractA reflection phase microscope (RPM) can be equipped with the capability of depth selection by employing a gating mechanism. However, it is difficult to achieve an axial resolution close to the diffraction limit in real implementation. Here, we systematically investigated the uneven interference contrast produced by pupil transmittance of the objective lens and found that it was the main cause of the practical limit that prevents the axial resolution from reaching its diffraction limit. Then we modulated the power of illumination light to obtain a uniform interference contrast over the entire pupil. Consequently, we could achieve an axial resolution fairly close to the diffraction limit set by the experimental conditions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Martin Fisher

<p>Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s negotiations with the Crown produced the first two major iwi-based agreements of the modern era of Treaty settlements in New Zealand/Aotearoa. While the existing historiography has previously addressed the general parameters of each agreement, and some key players have briefly written about their involvement in the process, an analysis of both negotiations through the lens of the iwi (tribe) pursuit of rangatiratanga (or self-determination) and the Crown’s defence of its sovereignty and kawanatanga (or governance) increases our understanding of these precedent-setting Treaty settlements. Māori rangatiratanga and Crown sovereignty and governance were not the only factors that drove all parties in their negotiations, but they represented the dominant motivating force in terms of reaching agreements on very difficult issues.  Through an investigation of Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Crown and public sources, this thesis identifies the balancing of iwi rangatiratanga and the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga in four major areas of the process: the development of iwi governance systems post-settlement, the negotiation of the financial aspects of the settlement, the parameters surrounding the return of land, and the formulation of the historical accounts and Crown apologies. The political structures set by the Crown to govern the process influenced all aspects of the negotiation. Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu argued that a larger quantum would be necessary to achieve the finality and general financial certainty sought by the Crown, but were challenged most prominently by Treasury. Nonetheless both iwi were able to obtain significant concessions. The subsequent limit set on the total financial scope of each settlement also influenced the amount of land that was returned. In addition the Crown’s overall control of the process influenced the type of Crown lands that would be returned, and in Waikato-Tainui’s case, the legal form in which land was returned. The negotiations regarding the historical accounts and apologies that accompanied each settlement similarly were influenced by the limitations imposed by the Crown, in contrast to the specific details sought by Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui.  The Crown was able to strengthen its governance by achieving settlements with Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu. Both iwi also were able to enhance their own rangatiratanga by settling their claims, enhancing their political power and influence regionally and nationally. Ultimately Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlements simultaneously reinforced the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga and energised Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui’s pursuit of rangatiratanga.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Martin Fisher

<p>Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s negotiations with the Crown produced the first two major iwi-based agreements of the modern era of Treaty settlements in New Zealand/Aotearoa. While the existing historiography has previously addressed the general parameters of each agreement, and some key players have briefly written about their involvement in the process, an analysis of both negotiations through the lens of the iwi (tribe) pursuit of rangatiratanga (or self-determination) and the Crown’s defence of its sovereignty and kawanatanga (or governance) increases our understanding of these precedent-setting Treaty settlements. Māori rangatiratanga and Crown sovereignty and governance were not the only factors that drove all parties in their negotiations, but they represented the dominant motivating force in terms of reaching agreements on very difficult issues.  Through an investigation of Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Crown and public sources, this thesis identifies the balancing of iwi rangatiratanga and the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga in four major areas of the process: the development of iwi governance systems post-settlement, the negotiation of the financial aspects of the settlement, the parameters surrounding the return of land, and the formulation of the historical accounts and Crown apologies. The political structures set by the Crown to govern the process influenced all aspects of the negotiation. Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu argued that a larger quantum would be necessary to achieve the finality and general financial certainty sought by the Crown, but were challenged most prominently by Treasury. Nonetheless both iwi were able to obtain significant concessions. The subsequent limit set on the total financial scope of each settlement also influenced the amount of land that was returned. In addition the Crown’s overall control of the process influenced the type of Crown lands that would be returned, and in Waikato-Tainui’s case, the legal form in which land was returned. The negotiations regarding the historical accounts and apologies that accompanied each settlement similarly were influenced by the limitations imposed by the Crown, in contrast to the specific details sought by Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui.  The Crown was able to strengthen its governance by achieving settlements with Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu. Both iwi also were able to enhance their own rangatiratanga by settling their claims, enhancing their political power and influence regionally and nationally. Ultimately Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlements simultaneously reinforced the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga and energised Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui’s pursuit of rangatiratanga.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10 (113)) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Boris Pospelov ◽  
Vladimir Andronov ◽  
Evgenіy Rybka ◽  
Olekcii Krainiukov ◽  
Nadiya Maksymenko ◽  
...  

A self-adjusting zero-order Brown’s model has been devised. This model makes it possible to predict with high accuracy not only fires in the premises but also irreversible processes and phenomena of a random and chaotic nature under actual conditions. The essence of the self-adjusting model is that, based on Kalman’s approach, it is proposed to set the smoothing parameter for each time moment. Such a parameter is determined depending on the resulting current forecast error, taking into consideration the real and unknown dynamics of the studied series and noise. That does not require the selection of the smoothing parameter characteristic of known models. In addition, the proposed Brown’s model, unlike the known modifications, does not require setting a dynamics model of the level of the examined time series. The self-adjusting model provides negligible errors and efficiency of the forecast. The operability of the devised model was checked using an example of the experimental time series for the current measure of the recurrence of the increments of the state of the air medium in the laboratory chamber during alcohol combustion. As quantitative indicators of the quality of the forecast error, the current values for the square and absolute values were considered. It has been established that the current square of the forecast error is more than six orders of magnitude smaller compared to the case of a fixed smoothing parameter from a beyond-the-limit set. However, the current square of the forecast error for abrupt changes in the dynamics of the series level is half that of the fixed parameter of the beyond-the-limit set. It is noted that the results confirm the feasibility of the proposed self-adjusting Brown’s model


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Md Sultan Ahmed ◽  
Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan ◽  
Afroza Begum ◽  
Marina Afroze ◽  
Debasish Sarker

A study was carried out to detect and estimate the residue of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower using Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). Three supervised field trials were conducted and sprayed with the recommended dose of cypermethrin (1 ml/L of water) and chlorpyrifos (3 ml/L of water) in three vegetables by knapsack sprayer. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 days after spray (DAS). The quantity of cypermethrin residue was above EU-MRLs (Maximum Residue Limit set by European Union) up to 4 DAS with 0.538 mg/kg in cauliflower; 3 DAS with 0.508 mg/kg in brinjal and 0.695 mg/kg in tomato. The quantity decreased down 0.328-0.019 mg/kg in cauliflower (4-9 DAS); 0.098-0.012 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in brinjal and 0.458-0.022 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in tomato which were below EU-MRLs (0.5 mg/kg). The quantity of chlorpyrifos residue was above EU-MRLs up to 9 DAS with 0.012 mg/kg in cauliflower but in brinjal and tomato, the detected quantities were above EU-MRLs up to 7 DAS with 0.029 mg/kg and 0.017 mg/kg residue. No residue was detected from brinjal and tomato samples collected at 8 DAS. But in cauliflower, no residue was detected at 10 days after spray. So, brinjal, tomato and cauliflower can be harvested safely at 4 DAS and 5 DAS for cypermethrin and in case of chlorpyrifos it was 8 DAS in brinjal and tomato and 10 DAS in cauliflower. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 60-67


Author(s):  
Victor I. Bakhtin ◽  
Bruno Sadok

We consider a space of infinite signals composed of letters from a finite alphabet. Each signal generates a sequence of empirical measures on the alphabet and the limit set corresponding to this sequence. The space of signals is partitioned into narrow basins consisting of signals with identical limit sets for the sequence of empirical measures and for each narrow basin its packing dimension is computed. Furthermore, we compute packing dimensions for two other types of basins defined in terms of limit behaviour of the empirical measures.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
C. Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
S. Alatorre-Santamaría ◽  
S. R. Tello-Solís ◽  
L. Gómez-Ruiz ◽  
G. Rodríguez-Serrano ◽  
...  

Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
STEPHEN JACKSON ◽  
BILL MANCE ◽  
SAMUEL ROTH

Abstract We consider the complexity of special $\alpha $ -limit sets, a kind of backward limit set for non-invertible dynamical systems. We show that these sets are always analytic, but not necessarily Borel, even in the case of a surjective map on the unit square. This answers a question posed by Kolyada, Misiurewicz, and Snoha.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10(111)) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Boris Pospelov ◽  
Evgenіy Rybka ◽  
Ruslan Meleshchenko ◽  
Olekcii Krainiukov ◽  
Igor Biryukov ◽  
...  

Possibilities of parameterization of the zero-order Brown model for indoor air forecasting based on the current measure of air state gain recurrence are considered. The key to the zero-order parametric Brown forecasting model is the selection of the smoothing parameter, which characterizes forecast adaptability to the current air state gain recurrence measure. It is shown that for effective short-term indoor fire forecast, the Brown model parameter must be selected from the out-of-limit set defined by 1 and 2. The out-of-limit set for the Brown model parameter is an area of effective fire forecasting based on the measure of current indoor air state gain recurrence. Errors of fire forecast based on the parameterized zero-order Brown model in the case of the classical and out-of-limit sets of the model parameters are investigated using the example of ignition of various materials in a laboratory chamber. As quantitative indicators of forecast quality, the absolute and mean forecast errors exponentially smoothed with a parameter of 0.4 are investigated. It was found that for alcohol, the smoothed absolute and mean forecast errors for the classical smoothing parameter in the no-ignition interval do not exceed 20 %. At the same time, for the out-of-limit case, the indicated forecast errors are, on average, an order of magnitude smaller. Similar ratios for forecast errors remain in paper, wood and textile ignition. However, for the transition zone corresponding to the time of material ignition, a sharp decrease in the current measure of chamber air state gain recurrence is observed. It was found that for this zone, the smoothed absolute forecast error for alcohol is about 2 % if the model parameter is selected from the classical set. If the model parameter is selected from the out-of-limit set, the forecast error is about 0.2 %. The results generally demonstrate significant advantages of using the zero-order Brown parametric model with out-of-limit model parameters for indoor fire forecasting


Author(s):  
Alessia Cattabriga ◽  
Elisa Ercolessi ◽  
Riccardo Gozzi ◽  
Erika Meucci

In the contest of open quantum systems, we study a class of Kraus operators whose definition relies on the defining representation of the symmetric groups. We analyze the induced orbits as well as the limit set and the degenerate cases.


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