FURTHER THOUGHTS ON THE FUNERAL RITE OF ROMENSKA CULTURE

The study of the funeral rite of the Eastern Slavs and the dynamics of its development is important for the clarification of the religious, state-creating, ethno-cultural and social processes of the Old Rus formation. In the paper the author makes a new attempt of the comprehensive analysis of the burial sites of chronicle Severians who are identified with the bearers of Romenska archaeological culture. For this purpose, the most complete and reliable catalogue of these sites included 142 items has been created. Statistical calculations show at the main part of the Dnieper Left Bank in the 9th—10th centuries the dominance of cremation rites away from the burial, placing the urn in the upper levels of the mound. Burials of this type are at least 82 % of Romenska culture cremations. They are reflected in literary sources. Burials at the level of the horizon and in small holes should be considered only as a few deviations from the classical Romenski rite. Burials of these types are characterized by such specific elements as circular wooden fences and ritual hearths, and most of them do not contain the urns. Differences in the funeral rites of the Dnieper Left Bank can be explained by the reasons of both ethnographic and chronological nature. In the second half of the 10th century in the Severians area a few cremations are recorded at the places of burial. No Romenska culture pottery or ornaments were found in any of these complexes: they all contained exclusively the Old Rus materials. There is no doubt that the rite of cremation at the place was brought to the Dnieper Left Bank by settlers from the Middle Dnieper together with the establishment of the Kyiv Princes power. Radical changes in the Romenski funeral rite occur in the late 10th — early 11th centuries. The rite of inhumation at the level of the horizon becomes dominant, less often in the mound pits. Although a number of scholars link these changes to the socio-economic changes in society the author considers it possible to explain them only by the total Christianization of the newly acquired territories by Kyiv. It is likely that the cremation of the dead was strictly forbidden by the church.

Supplementary description of Scheloribates crassus Hammer, 1967 (Acari, Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) from New Zealand

The original description of Scheloribates crassus Hammer, 1967 was incomplete, lacking information and figures about some morphological structures. Our specimens of S. crassus match broadly with the original description of the type specimens. However, there are the following differences: the morphological structures of leg I–II, the number of saccules, the presence of small holes between h3. Therefore, to help with its identification and discussion in the future, supplementary description of specimens is necessary. The supplementary description of Scheloribates crassus Hammer, 1967 is presented on the basis of specimens from Auckland and Bay of Plenty, New Zealand in this paper.

Analysis of Multi-Physics Coupling of Small Holes in GH4169 Alloy by Electrolytic Processing of Tube Electrodes

This paper presents a simulation and experimental study of the structure of small holes in GH4169 alloy electrolytic ally processed by tube electrodes with different characteristic power sources. It analyzes the multi-physical field coupling relationship of flow, temperature, and electric fields within the interstitial space. The results indicate that the tube electrode electrolytic processing of the GH4169 alloy small hole structure with a pulsed power supply has more uniform temperature and current density distribution within the gap, which is beneficial to the processing accuracy and smoothness of the small hole structure. Meanwhile, SEM was used to analyze the microscopic morphology of the electrode end surface during short-circuiting, and it was concluded that as the processing continued, the electrode end surface gradually produced a non-metallic oxide layer, which destroyed the electric field of the gap and affected the processing stability. The use of high-frequency positive and negative pulse power can effectively avoid the generation of a non-metallic oxide layer. Through the combination of simulation analysis and experimental verification, it is concluded that increasing electrolyte pressure in stages can effectively improve machining accuracy and stability. The interstitial current increases as the feed rate of the tool electrode increases, and the diameter of the machined small hole decreases as it increases.

Research on Electrochemical Machining of Deep Small Holes with Positive and Negative Pulse Power

Background: High-temperature alloy such as nickel-based alloy has become the main material for core components such as aero engines due to their high strength and good toughness. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to improve the machining accuracy and stability of electrochemical machining (ECM) of deep small holes on the nickel-based alloy. The instantaneous high-density current during the pulse width of pulse ECM is beneficial to the dissolution of metal workpieces. Many experts and scholars have studied the pulse ECM of deep small holes. Objective: The purpose of this article is to propose and design a Positive And Negative Pulse (PANP) power supply to study the accuracy and stability of ECM of deep small holes on nickel-based alloys. Methods: First of all, an H-bridge composed of four MOSFET switches is designed to achieve PANP output in the main circuit of the power supply. Then, this paper studies the influence of the ratio of positive and negative pulses on short circuits, the influence of the ratio of positive and negative pulses on the mass removal rate, and the influence of the electrolyte concentration and pulse width on the mass removal rate. Finally, according to the obtained optimal parameters, the influence of electrolyte pressure on the average radial overcut of hole depth is analyzed. Results: The experimental results showed that the short-circuit frequency is reduced by more than 50% compared with non-negative pulse power supply; the ratio of positive and negative pulses, pulse width and electrolyte concentration and pressure were optimized by experiments to improve the mass removal rate of the workpiece and the average radial overcut of hole depth. Conclusion: The designed PANP power supply can improve the machining accuracy and stability of ECM of deep small holes on nickel-based alloys.

La arquitectura tiahuanaco y el quero challador: la mímesis con el entorno

El presente artículo trata sobre los vasos challadores asociados a la geografía sagrada del entorno de Tiahuanaco en el Altiplano peruano-boliviano, y sobre la manera cómo la arquitectura reproduce el ciclo del agua que se da en las montañas cercanas. Las aguas de lluvia discurren desde las cimas y aparecen como puquios en las faldas, del mismo modo en que la pirámide Akapana, con sus patios hundidos en el punto más alto, traslada el agua acumulada en ellos hacia su base, mediante un sofisticado sistema de ductos y canales, a la manera de una paccha monumental. Los challadores jugarían un rol similar, en tanto conectores entre los ámbitos celestes y ctónicos, asociados a la serpiente de cascabel presente en la iconografía de estos vasos rituales descubiertos en la isla de Pariti, al sur del lago Titicaca.Palabras clave: paisaje sagrado, Tiahuanaco, challadores, Titicaca, arquitectura, queros Abstract:This article deals with the challenging vessels associated with the sacred geography of Tiahuanaco’s surroundings in the Peruvian-Bolivian Altiplano and how the architecture reproduces the water cycle in the nearby mountains. The rainwater runs from the summits and appears as small holes in the skirts, in the same way, that the Akapana pyramid, with its sunken patios at the highest point, moves the water accumulated in them towards its base, through a sophisticated system of ducts and channels, in the manner of a monumental paccha. The challengers would play a similar role, as connectors between the celestial and the chthonic environments, associated with the rattlesnake present in the iconography of these ritual vessels discovered in the island of Parití, south of Lake Titicaca.Keywords: sacred landscape, Tiahuanaco, challadores, Titicaca, architecture, keros

Deep ice core drilling to a depth of 3035.22 m at Dome Fuji, Antarctica in 2001–07

The Japanese second deep ice coring project was carried out at Dome Fuji, Antarctica. Following the drilling of the pilot hole in 2001, deep ice core drilling led by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) was conducted over four austral summer seasons, beginning with the 2003/04 season and reached a depth of 3035.22 m near the bedrock in January 2007. The new drill was designed and developed with the goals of (1) solving the problems encountered during the first JARE deep coring drill and (2) achieving more efficient drilling. In particular, the maximum core length that can be drilled at one time was increased from 2.30 m to 3.84 m and the chip storage efficiency was enhanced by a special pipe with many small holes. This paper gives an outline of the improved drilling system, the progress of drilling and various drilling data.