Wave-energy patterns in carotid, brachial, and radial arteries: a noninvasive approach using wave-intensity analysis

The study of wave propagation at different points in the arterial circulation may provide useful information regarding ventriculoarterial interactions. We describe a number of hemodynamic parameters in the carotid, brachial, and radial arteries of normal subjects by using noninvasive techniques and wave-intensity analysis (WIA). Twenty-one normal adult subjects (14 men and 7 women, mean age 44 ± 6 yr) underwent applanation tonometry and pulsed-wave Doppler studies of the right common carotid, brachial, and radial arteries. After ensemble averaging of the pressure and flow-velocity data, local hydraulic work was determined and a pressure-flow velocity loop was used to determine local wave speed. WIA was then applied to determine the magnitude, timings, and energies of individual waves. At all sites, forward-traveling (S) and backward-traveling (R) compression waves were observed in early systole. In mid- and late systole, forward-traveling expansion waves (X and D) were also seen. Wave speed was significantly higher in the brachial (6.97 ± 0.58 m/s) and radial (6.78 ± 0.62 m/s) arteries compared with the carotid artery (5.40 ± 0.34 m/s; P < 0.05). S-wave energy was greatest in the brachial artery (993.5 ± 87.8 mJ/m2), but R-wave energy was greatest in the radial artery (176.9 ± 19.9 mJ/m2). X-wave energy was significantly higher in the brachial and radial arteries (176.4 ± 32.7 and 163.2 ± 30.5 mJ/m2, respectively) compared with the carotid artery (41.0 ± 9.4 mJ/m2; P < 0.001). WIA illustrates important differences in wave patterns between peripheral arteries and may provide a method for understanding ventriculo-arterial interactions in the time domain.

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Wave intensity analysis (WIA): flow velocity lags influence calculated ascending aortic wave speed and reflected wave intensity during beta-adrenergic stimulation

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology ◽

10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.06.041 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 742-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonathan P. Mynard ◽

Joseph J. Smolich ◽

Daniel J. Penny

Keyword(s):

Flow Velocity ◽

Wave Speed ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis ◽

Adrenergic Stimulation ◽

Beta Adrenergic ◽

Reflected Wave

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Feasibility of estimation of aortic wave intensity using non-invasive pressure recordings in the absence of flow velocity in man

10.1101/2020.01.22.20018457 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

A.D. Hughes ◽

C. Park ◽

A. Ramakrishnan ◽

J. Mayet ◽

N. Chaturvedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Velocity ◽

Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis ◽

S Wave ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Velocity Waveform

AbstractBackgroundWave intensity analysis provides valuable information on ventriculo-arterial function, hemodynamics and energy transfer in the arterial circulation. Widespread use of wave intensity analysis is limited by the need for concurrent measurement of pressure and flow waveforms. We describe a method that can estimate wave intensity patterns using only non-invasive pressure waveforms, and its reproducibility.MethodsRadial artery pressure and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) flow velocity waveforms were recorded in 12 participants in the Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) study. Pressure waveforms were analysed using custom-written software to derive the excess pressure (Pxs) which was compared with the LVOT flow velocity waveform, and used to calculate wave intensity. In a separate study, repeat measures of wave intensity and other wave and reservoir parameters were performed on 34 individuals who attended 2 clinic visits at an interval of approximately 1 month to assess reproducibility and reliability of the method.ResultsPxs waveforms were similar in shape to aortic flow velocity waveforms and the time of peak Pxs and maximum aortic velocity agreed closely (mean difference = 0.00 (limits of agreement −0.02, 0.02)s). Wave intensity patterns when scaled to peak LVOT velocity gave credible estimates of wave intensity similar to values reported previously in the literature. The method showed fair to good reproducibility for most parameters.ConclusionsThe Pxs is a surrogate of LVOT flow velocity allowing estimation of aortic wave intensity with acceptable reproducibility. This enables widespread application of wave intensity analysis to large studies.

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Wave intensity analysis of carotid artery: A noninvasive technique for assessing hemodynamic changes of hyperthyroid patients

Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] ◽

10.1007/s11596-010-0563-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 672-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yanrong Zhang ◽

Manwei Liu ◽

Meiling Wang ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Qing Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis ◽

Hemodynamic Changes ◽

Noninvasive Technique ◽

Hyperthyroid Patients

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Wave speed in human coronary arteries is not influenced by microvascular vasodilation: implications for wave intensity analysis

Basic Research in Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s00395-014-0405-1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 109 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. Cristina Rolandi ◽

Kalpa Silva ◽

Matthew Lumley ◽

Timothy P. E. Lockie ◽

Brian Clapp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Arteries ◽

Wave Speed ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis

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934 The timing and magnitude of wave reflection in ageing and hypertension — measured using wave intensity analysis in the carotid artery

European Journal of Echocardiography ◽

10.1016/s1525-2167(05)80543-8 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. S145-S145

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Wave Reflection ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis

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The role of wave speed in wave intensity analysis: a sensitivity study in coronary arterial data

Journal of Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85554-5 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. S614-S615

Author(s):

J. Aguado-Sierra ◽

J. Davies ◽

J. Mayet ◽

D. Francis ◽

A.D. Hughes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wave Speed ◽

Sensitivity Study ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis

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Differences in cardiac microcirculatory wave patterns between the proximal left mainstem and proximal right coronary artery

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00510.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 295 (3) ◽

pp. H1198-H1205 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Nearchos Hadjiloizou ◽

Justin E. Davies ◽

Iqbal S. Malik ◽

Jazmin Aguado-Sierra ◽

Keith Willson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Coronary Arteries ◽

Right Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Flow ◽

Wave Intensity ◽

Intensity Analysis ◽

Wave Intensity Analysis ◽

Coronary Flow Velocity ◽

Proximal Right Coronary Artery

Despite having almost identical origins and similar perfusion pressures, the flow-velocity waveforms in the left and right coronary arteries are strikingly different. We hypothesized that pressure differences originating from the distal (microcirculatory) bed would account for the differences in the flow-velocity waveform. We used wave intensity analysis to separate and quantify proximal- and distal-originating pressures to study the differences in velocity waveforms. In 20 subjects with unobstructed coronary arteries, sensor-tipped intra-arterial wires were used to measure simultaneous pressure and Doppler velocity in the proximal left main stem (LMS) and proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Proximal- and distal-originating waves were separated using wave intensity analysis, and differences in waves were examined in relation to structural and anatomic differences between the two arteries. Diastolic flow velocity was lower in the RCA than in the LMS (35.1 ± 21.4 vs. 56.4 ± 32.5 cm/s, P < 0.002), and, consequently, the diastolic-to-systolic ratio of peak flow velocity in the RCA was significantly less than in the LMS (1.00 ± 0.32 vs. 1.79 ± 0.48, P < 0.001). This was due to a lower distal-originating suction wave (8.2 ± 6.6 × 103 vs. 16.0 ± 12.2 × 103 W·m−2·s−1, P < 0.01). The suction wave in the LMS correlated positively with left ventricular pressure ( r = 0.6, P < 0.01) and in the RCA with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure ( r = 0.7, P = 0.05) but not with the respective diameter in these arteries. In contrast to the LMS, where coronary flow velocity was predominantly diastolic, in the proximal RCA coronary flow velocity was similar in systole and diastole. This difference was due to a smaller distal-originating suction wave in the RCA, which can be explained by differences in elastance and pressure generated between right and left ventricles.

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