Effects of dehydration on body-water distribution in desert kangaroos

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Denny ◽  
TJ Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The effect of dehydration on the distribution of water in the bodies of two species of desert kangaroos, the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa and the euro Macropus robustus, has been examined. The volumes of various body-fluid compartments were determined in normally hydrated animals and then after the kangaroos had been dehydrated until body weight declined to 80% of the initial weight. The fluid compartments examined were total body water, plasma volume, intracellular volume (cellular and gut water), and extracellular volume. Both species were camel-like in their response to dehydration in that plasma volume was maintained in both species, falling by only 8.3% in red kangaroos and 7.4% in euros. The pattern of water loss from other compartments differed between species, particularly gut water loss. This compartment, which includes the large rumenlike fore stomach, contributed 56% of the total water loss of red kangaroos but only 22% of the loss from euros. The ecological implications of the preferential maintenance of gut water by the sedentary, cave-dwelling euros have been discussed.

High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. F585-F595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Heer ◽  
Friedhelm Baisch ◽  
Joachim Kropp ◽  
Rupert Gerzer ◽  
Christian Drummer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Parallel Body

A commonly accepted hypothesis is that a chronically high-sodium diet expands extracellular volume and finally reaches a steady state where sodium intake and output are balanced whereas extracellular volume is expanded. However, in a recent study where the main purpose was to investigate the role of natriuretic peptides under day-to-day sodium intake conditions (Heer M, Drummer C, Baisch F, and Gerzer R. Pflügers Arch 425: 390–394, 1993), our laboratory observed increases in plasma volume without any rise in extracellular volume. To scrutinize these results that were observed as a side effect, we performed a controlled, randomized study including 32 healthy male test subjects in a metabolic ward. The NaCl intake ranged from a low level of 50 meq NaCl/day to 200, 400, and 550 meq/day, respectively. Plasma volume dose dependently increased ( P < 0.01), being elevated by 315 ± 37 ml in the 550-meq-NaCl-intake group. However, in contrast to the increased plasma volume, comparable to study I, total body water did not increase. In parallel, body mass also did not increase. Mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, as an index for intracellular volume, was also unchanged. We conclude from the results of these two independently conducted studies that under the chosen study conditions, in contrast to present opinions, high sodium intake does not induce total body water storage but induces a relative fluid shift from the interstitial into the intravascular space.

HYPERPOTASSEMIA AND BODY WATER DISTRIBUTION IN AN ANURIC CHILD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523
Author(s):  
ROBERT SCHWARTZ ◽  
EDWARD J. TOMSOVIC ◽  
IRVING L. SCHWARTZ
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Compartment ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Extracellular Compartment ◽  
Total Body

A patient with anuria in whom a rising plasma potassium concentration was associated with progressive signs of potassium intoxication exhibited a decrease in the intracellular compartment and increase of the extracellular compartment without significant change in plasma volume, while total body water remained essentially normal.

Conservation of blood plasma fluids in hamadryas baboons after thermal dehydration

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 768-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zurovsky ◽  
A. Shkolnik ◽  
M. Ovadia
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Papio Hamadryas ◽  
Thermal Dehydration ◽  
Hamadryas Baboon ◽  
Hamadryas Baboons ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

After 2 days of water deprivation in a warm climate, Papio hamadryas baboons lost 10% of their body mass, 12.5% of their total body water (3H2O) space, but only 4% of their plasma volume [Evans blue (EB) space]. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration as well as blood viscosity and blood pressure were not affected by thermal dehydration. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in the dehydrated animals was, however, 8 Torr higher than in fully hydrated baboons. Total mass and concentration of plasma albumin, and protein concentration increased after dehydration. Both half times (T 1/2) of EB and T 1/2 of 131I-serum albumin were twice as high as in the dehydrated animal than in the fully hydrated ones. Incorporation rate of L-[3H]leucine in the plasma proteins was similarly higher in the dehydrated animals. The capacity of the P. hamadryas baboon to maintain its plasma volume at the expense of losses from other body fluid compartments is related to an increase in the blood COP that is brought about by a more efficient retention of albumin and an increase in its rate of synthesis.

Acute dehydration: body water distribution in acclimated and nonacclimated Psammomys obesus

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Horowitz ◽  
S. Samueloff ◽  
J. H. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Compartment ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Thiopental Sodium ◽  
Total Body

Body water distribution after “acute dehydration” treatment (37 degrees C) was studied in Psammonys obesus before and after acclimation at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 16–18 days. Determinations of water compartment volumes were performed on anaesthetized (thiopental sodium) nephrectomized animals. Plasma volume (PV) and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by T-1824 and [14C]inulin, respectively. Total body water was determined after desiccating the animals. Albumin outflux was calculated from the half-life (T1/2) of T-1824 and total plasma albumin mass. Nonacclimated animals conserved PV as long as dehydration did not exceed 10–11% loss of body wt. This conservation was at the expense of ECV and was associated with diminished albumin outflux (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). With increased dehydration PV retention failed and a resumption of albumin outflux occurred. Acclimation resulted in diminished albumin outflux in both control and dehydrated animals (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). Most of the water lost during dehydration was of intracellular origin. It was concluded that reduction in permeability of the capillary bed during dehydration and acclimatization plays an important role in PV and ECV regulation.

Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Leach ◽  
C. P. Alfrey ◽  
W. N. Suki ◽  
J. I. Leonard ◽  
P. C. Rambaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Capillary Membranes ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The fluid and electrolyte regulation experiment with seven subjects was designed to describe body fluid, renal, and fluid regulatory hormone responses during the Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (9 days) and -2 (14 days) missions. Total body water did not change significantly. Plasma volume (PV; P < 0.05) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV; P < 0.10) decreased 21 h after launch, remaining below preflight levels until after landing. Fluid intake decreased during weightlessness, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased in the first 2 days and on day 8 (P < 0.05). Urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion increased (P < 0.05) and fluid excretion decreased early in flight (P < 0.10). Plasma renin activity (PRA; P < 0.10) and aldosterone (P < 0.05) decreased in the first few hours after launch; PRA increased 1 wk later (P < 0.05). During flight, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were consistently lower than preflight means, and urinary cortisol excretion was usually greater than preflight levels. Acceleration at launch and landing probably caused increases in ADH and cortisol excretion, and a shift of fluid from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment would account for reductions in ECFV. Increased permeability of capillary membranes may be the most important mechanism causing spaceflight-induced PV reduction, which is probably maintained by increased GFR and other mechanisms. If the Gauer-Henry reflex operates during spaceflight, it must be completed within the first 21 h of flight and be succeeded by establishment of a reduced PV set point.

scholarly journals Rapid Weight Loss and the Body Fluid Balance and Hemoglobin Mass of Elite Amateur Boxers

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Reljic ◽  
Eike Hässler ◽  
Joachim Jost ◽  
Birgit Friedmann-Bette
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Real Life Setting ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass

Context Dehydration is assumed to be a major adverse effect associated with rapid loss of body mass for competing in a lower weight class in combat sports. However, the effects of such weight cutting on body fluid balance in a real-life setting are unknown. Objective To examine the effects of 5% or greater loss of body mass within a few days before competition on body water, blood volume, and plasma volume in elite amateur boxers. Design Case-control study. Setting Sports medicine laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Seventeen male boxers (age = 19.2 ± 2.9 years, height = 175.1 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 65.6 ± 9.2 kg) were assigned to the weight-loss group (WLG; n = 10) or the control group (CON; n = 7). Intervention(s) The WLG reduced body mass by restricting fluid and food and inducing excessive sweat loss by adhering to individual methods. The CON participated in their usual precompetition training. Main Outcome Measure(s) During an ordinary training period (t-1), 2 days before competition (t-2), and 1 week after competition (t-3), we performed bioelectrical impedance measurements; calculated total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water; and estimated total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass), blood volume, and plasma volume by the CO-rebreathing method. Results In the WLG, the loss of body mass (5.6% ± 1.7%) led to decreases in total body water (6.0% ± 0.9%), extracellular water (12.4% ± 7.6%), tHbmass (5.3% ± 3.8%), blood volume (7.6% ± 2.1%; P &lt; .001), and plasma volume (8.6% ± 3.9%). The intracellular water did not change (P &gt; .05). At t-3, total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume had returned to near baseline values, but tHbmass and blood volume still were less than baseline values (P &lt; .05). In CON, we found no changes (P &gt; .05). Conclusions In a real-life setting, the loss of approximately 6% body mass within 5 days induced hypohydration, which became evident by the decreases in body water and plasma volume. The reduction in tHbmass was a surprising observation that needs further investigation.

Body fluid distribution in wild Mus musculus acclimated to water restriction

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (5) ◽  
pp. R237-R242
Author(s):  
H. Haines ◽  
T. M. McKenna ◽  
J. E. Melton
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
General Process ◽  
Cellular Dehydration ◽  
Nonsteady State ◽  
Total Body

Total body water (TBW), extracellular volume (ECV), and plasma volume (PV) were measured in wild house mice acclimated to chronic water shortage and compared to the same measures in mice exposed acutely to water shortage. Chronic mice were either steady state (SS), i.e., completely acclimated, or nonsteady state (NSS), i.e., transitional. Water shortage was imposed sequentially--1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib., and no water. SS mice lost solids and cellular fluid at each level of restriction, but maintained plasma volume and partially defended extracellular volume. Acute restriction to 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib. caused proportional losses of solids and fluids with the predominant fluid loss being extracellular. Acute restriction to no water caused cellular dehydration plus a loss of extracellular fluids including plasma. Comparison of acute and NSS mice at identical levels of restriction showed the NSS groups to be preacclimated toward further water restriction. Discussion centers on the comparison of acclimated and nonacclimated animals, mechanism of PV defense, and the general process of acclimation.

Time course and magnitude of changes in total body water, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume and plasma volume during submaximal exercise and recovery in horses

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I Lindinger ◽  
Gloria McKeen ◽  
Gayle L Ecker
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Intracellular Fluid ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to determine the time course and magnitude of changes in extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes in relation to changes in total body water during prolonged submaximal exercise and recovery in horses. Seven horses were physically conditioned over a 2-month period and trained to trot on a treadmill. Total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) were measured at rest using indicator dilution techniques (D2O, thiocyanate and Evans Blue, respectively). Changes in TBW were assessed from measures of body mass, and changes in PV and ECFV were calculated from changes in plasma protein concentration. Horses exercised by trotting on a treadmill for 75–120 min incurred a 4.2% decrease in TBW. During exercise, the entire decrease in TBW (mean±standard error: 12.8±2.0 l at end of exercise) could be attributed to the decrease in ECFV (12.0±2.4 l at end of exercise), such that there was no change in intracellular fluid volume (ICFV; 0.9±2.4 l at end of exercise). PV decreased from 22.0±0.5 l at rest to 19.8±0.3 l at end of exercise and remained depressed (18–19 l) during the first 2 h of recovery. Recovery of fluid volumes after exercise was slow, and characterized by a further transient loss of ECFV (first 30 min of recovery) and a sustained increase in ICFV (between 0.5 and 3.5 h of recovery). Recovery of fluid volumes was complete by 13 h post exercise. It is concluded that prolonged submaximal exercise in horses favours net loss of fluid from the extracellular fluid compartment.

EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON LIVEWEIGHT AND BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS IN SHEEP

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Effects of cold exposure on liveweight and body fluids were studied in 12 six-month-old wethers. Six sheep were offered feed ad libitum and six sheep were restricted to a near maintenance level of intake of a pelleted concentrate ration. The sheep were individually caged in controlled temperature chambers for two preliminary and four consecutive experimental (I-IV) periods of 10 days each; the preliminary periods and period I at 21 °C air temperature, periods II and III at 0 °C and period IV at 21 °C. In general, the responses to the cold were more pronounced during period II than period III, and more pronounced in the sheep on restricted feed than in the sheep on ad libitum feed. The sheep receiving feed ad libitum were able to maintain or increase their liveweight and body solids throughout the experiment. The sheep receiving a restricted ration lost 2.53 kg during the first 8 days of period II. Their total body water (tritiated water space) was reduced by 1.68 L representing 66% of the weight loss, and their body solids were reduced by 0.85 kg. The reticulo-rumen fluid volume (51Cr EDTA space) was reduced by 1.32 L; the interstitial fluid volume (SCN− space-T-1824 space) by 0.39 L and the plasma volume (T-1824 space) by 0.13 L. There was no reduction in absolute intracellular fluid volume with cold exposure.

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