Phase resetting of respiratory rhythm: effect of changing respiratory "drive"

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. R271-R277 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Eldridge ◽  
D. Paydarfar ◽  
P. G. Wagner ◽  
R. T. Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Phase Resetting ◽  
Van Der Pol ◽  
Study Stimulus

We studied the effect of changing drive on resetting of respiratory rhythm in anesthetized cats and in a model (Van der Pol) of a limit-cycle oscillator. In cats, rhythm was perturbed by brief mesencephalic stimuli. Stimulus time in the cycle (old phases) and times of onset of rescheduled breaths (cophases) were measured. Previous study [Paydarfar and Eldridge, Am. J. Physiol. 252 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 21): R55-R62, 1987] showed distinct types of phase resetting that depended on strength of stimuli. In this study, stimulus strength was kept constant, but respiratory drive was changed by increasing PCO2, by stimulating carotid sinus nerve, or by cooling intermediate areas of ventral medulla. Type 0 (strong) resetting occurred when respiratory drive was low, type 1 (weak) resetting when drive was high, and a phase singularity when drive was intermediate. Phase-resetting patterns generated by the model showed the same behavior when a drive parameter was changed. The findings support the idea that continuous limit-cycle dynamics underlie generation of respiratory rhythm. Increased respiratory drive, by increasing size of the limit cycle, reduces functional effectiveness of the same perturbing stimulus in causing phase resetting.

Resetting of mammalian respiratory rhythm: existence of a phase singularity

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (4) ◽  
pp. R721-R727 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Paydarfar ◽  
F. L. Eldridge ◽  
J. P. Kiley
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Phase Resetting ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Phase Singularity ◽  
Biological Oscillators ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
The Times ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to use topological methods of analysis to determine if a phase singularity exists for the neural respiratory oscillator. We studied resetting behavior of central respiratory rhythm, measured as phrenic nerve activity, by using brief stimulations of the superior laryngeal nerve in anesthetized paralyzed adult cats. The strength and timing of stimuli were varied, and the times of onset of subsequent breaths were measured. Two distinct types of phase resetting were identified: type 1 resetting for weak stimuli and type 0 resetting for strong stimuli. With stimuli of intermediate strength, we obtained a series of phase-resetting curves that defined a helicoid-resetting surface having a phase singularity near the transition between late expiration and early inspiration. In this domain resumption of breathing occurred at highly variable resetting times. The mammalian respiratory oscillator thus has qualitative characteristics of response to brief stimuli that are similar to those of other biological oscillators.

Amplitude control of a limit cycle in a coupled van der Pol system

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 2491-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiashi Tang ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Han Xiao ◽  
Xiao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Van Der Pol ◽  
Amplitude Control

Respiratory responses to aortic and carotid chemoreceptor activation in the dog

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2539-2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Hopp ◽  
J. L. Seagard ◽  
J. Bajic ◽  
E. J. Zuperku
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Carotid Sinus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Respiratory Reflexes ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Respiratory responses arising from both chemical stimulation of vascularly isolated aortic body (AB) and carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors and electrical stimulation of aortic nerve (AN) and carotid sinus nerve (CSN) afferents were compared in the anesthetized dog. Respiratory reflexes were measured as changes in inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE), and peak averaged phrenic nerve activity (PPNG). Tonic AN and AB stimulations shortened TI and TE with no change in PPNG, while tonic CSN and CB stimulations shortened TE, increased PPNG, and transiently lengthened TI. Phasic AB and AN stimulations throughout inspiration shortened TI with no changes in PPNG or the following TE; however, similar phasic stimulations of the CB and CSN increased both TI and PPNG and decreased the following TE. Phasic AN stimulation during expiration decreased TE and the following TI with no change in PPNG. Similar stimulations of the CB and CSN decreased TE; however, the following TI and PPNG were increased. These findings differ from those found in the cat and suggest that aortic chemoreceptors affect mainly phase timing, while carotid chemoreceptors affect both timing and respiratory drive.

Phase-resetting action of light on the circadian activity rhythm of Rattus exulans

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. R10-R17
Author(s):  
P. H. Gander ◽  
R. D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Phase Relationship ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Phase Resetting ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Subjective Night ◽  
Activity Onset ◽  
Effect Of Light

The phase resetting action of light on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity has been examined in wild-caught Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans). Phase-response curves to 4-, 8-, and 16-h light pulses have been derived. All three curves conform to the generalization that pulses occurring during late subjective day and early subjective night produce delays, whereas advances occur in response to pulses coinciding with the late subjective night and early subjective day. Weak (type 1) phase resetting is observed in response to 4-h pulses and perhaps 8-h pulses, whereas strong (type 0) resetting apparently occurs in response to 16-h pulses. These data evidently constitute the first report of strong phase resetting in mammalian circadian rhythms. The phase relationship between an entrained activity rhythm and the light-dark cycle is dependent on the photoperiod and, in 24-h cycles, on the period difference between the rhythm and the zeitgeber. In longer zeitgeber cycles, activity onset is delayed by a direct masking effect of light. A primarily nonparametric action of light in natural entrainment is consistent with these data and with field observations.

Vagal inhibition of respiratory-linked efferent activity in the carotid sinus nerve

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. R681-R686
Author(s):  
D. R. Kostreva ◽  
G. L. Palotas ◽  
J. P. Kampine
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Carotid Sinus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Efferent Activity ◽  
Central Origin ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing

The hypothesis tested in this study was that glossopharyngeal efferent nerve activity coursing through the carotid sinus nerve has a central origin. Efferent activity in the carotid sinus nerve exhibited a respiratory rhythm in spontaneously breathing, closed-chest, mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg iv). Carotid sinus nerve activity was recorded from the intact or cut central end of the carotid sinus nerve. Diaphragm electromyogram (D-EMG), carotid sinus pressure, systemic blood pressure, and electrocardiogram were also recorded. Before vagotomy, small increases in carotid sinus efferent nerve activity (CSENA) synchronous with increases in the D-EMG were observed during spontaneous inspiration. Section of the contralateral cervical vagosympathetic trunk markedly potentiated the increases in CSENA. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or nodose ganglionectomy failed to alter the increases in CSENA. Section of the ipsilateral glossopharyngeal nerve near the skull abolished the CSENA. This study demonstrates that respiratory-modulated glossopharyngeal efferents course through the carotid sinus nerve to the carotid sinus or carotid body. These efferents may be part of a central respiratory regulatory mechanism that may rapidly alter the sensitivity of the carotid sinus baroreceptors and/or carotid body receptors on a breath-to-breath basis.

Phase resetting and dysrhythmic responses of the respiratory oscillator

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. R55-R62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Paydarfar ◽  
F. L. Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Phase Resetting ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray Matter ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Midbrain Reticular Formation ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
The Times ◽  
End Tidal

This study explores resetting of respiratory rhythm by facilitatory perturbations. The midbrain reticular formation and periaqueductal gray matter were electrically stimulated to evoke facilitation of phrenic nerve activity in nine anesthetized, vagotomized, and glomectomized adult cats. The animals were paralyzed and servo-ventilated to keep end-tidal PCO2 constant. Brief midbrain stimuli were given at various times in the respiratory cycle and the times of onset of rescheduled breaths after stimulation were measured. A plot of phase resetting as a function of stimulus strength and time of delivery defined a helicoid surface. The axis of this helicoid identified a unique stimulus which, when given at the inspiratory-expiratory transition, resulted in unpredictable resetting of respiratory rhythm. This stimulus had a strength that was intermediate to that which identified types 1 and 0 resetting. In one experiment, the singular stimulus often initiated a breath having prolonged inspiratory activity; resumption of the normal rhythm was delayed significantly (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the dysrhythmias observed in this study represent the respiratory oscillator''s phase singularity.

Effects on respiratory pattern of focal cooling in the medulla of the dog

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2004-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adams ◽  
T. Chonan ◽  
N. S. Cherniack ◽  
C. von Euler
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Timing Effect ◽  
Diaphragm Electrical Activity ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface ◽  
Focal Cooling

Studies in cats have shown that, in addition to respiratory neuron groups in the dorsomedial (DRG) and ventrolateral (VRG) medulla, neural structures in the most ventral medullary regions are important for the maintenance of respiratory rhythm. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a similar superficially located ventral region was present in the dog and to assess the role of each of the other regions in the canine medulla important in the control of breathing, in 20 anesthetized, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated dogs, a cryoprobe was used to cool selected regions of the medulla to 15-20 degrees C. Respiratory output was determined from phrenic nerve or diaphragm electrical activity. Cooling in or near the nucleus of the solitary tract altered timing and produced little change in the amplitude or rate of rise of inspiratory activity; lengthening of inspiratory time was the most common timing effect observed. Cooling in ventrolateral regions affected the amplitude and rate of rise of respiratory activity. Depression of neural tidal volume and apnea could be produced by unilateral cooling in two ventrolateral regions: 1) near the nucleus ambiguus and nucleus para-ambiguus and 2) just beneath the ventral medullary surface. These findings indicate that in the dog dorsomedial neural structures influence respiratory timing, whereas more ventral structures are important to respiratory drive.

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