Interaction between postural and respiratory control of human intercostal muscles

To study the interaction between postural and respiratory control of intercostal muscles, we used electromyography of intercostal muscles of the lateral chest wall in conscious humans. Bipolar fine-wire electrodes were placed in external and internal intercostal muscles in the midaxillary line of four subjects who sat on a bench and breathed through a pneumotachograph. They were instructed to hold their breath at end expiration, rotate their thorax to the right or left, and then hold the rotation while resuming breathing. Holding a rotation induces steady tonic activity in either internal or external intercostal muscles, depending on the direction of the rotation. The degree of rotation was varied from one run to the next, resulting in varied levels of tonic postural activity. When breathing resumes, internal intercostal muscles have their activity almost completely suppressed with each inspiration independently of whether the tonic postural tone is small or large. External intercostal muscles show inspiratory increases in activity superimposed on the postural tone, which apparently amplifies the effect of respiratory input to their motoneurons.

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Intercostal muscles are used during rotation of the thorax in humans

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1940 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 1940-1944 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

W. A. Whitelaw ◽

G. T. Ford ◽

K. P. Rimmer ◽

A. De Troyer

Keyword(s):

Minute Ventilation ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Intercostal Muscles ◽

Fine Wire ◽

Midaxillary Line ◽

The Right ◽

Respiratory Movements

To test the idea that the lateral intercostal muscles may be more suited to aid in rotational than respiratory movements of the thorax, we inserted bipolar fine-wire electrodes in external and internal intercostal muscles in the right midaxillary line in nine sitting subjects and examined the pattern of contraction of these muscles during voluntary axial rotations of the thorax (30–35 degrees), resting breathing, and CO2-induced hyperpnea. The right external intercostal muscles were strongly recruited in rotations to the left but were not active in rotations to the right. In contrast, the right internal intercostal muscles were active in rotations to the right but not in rotations to the left. Rotations completed in 1 or 2 s were associated with an early burst of electromyographic activity, followed by a low plateau that persisted while the rotation was held. Rotations made very gradually over 5–10 s were associated with gradually rising electromyographic activity. The amplitude of activity recorded during 30–35 degrees rotations was equivalent to that measured when minute ventilation was increased by CO2 to 50 l/min. We conclude that the lateral intercostal muscles have a major role in producing axial rotations of the thorax.

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Patterns of intercostal muscle activity in humans

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.2087 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 2087-2094 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

W. A. Whitelaw ◽

T. Feroah

Keyword(s):

Human Subjects ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Deep Breathing ◽

Flow Volume ◽

Intercostal Muscle ◽

Rib Cage ◽

Intercostal Muscles ◽

Fine Wire ◽

Midaxillary Line ◽

Emg Electrodes

Coordination of activity of inspiratory intercostal muscles in conscious human subjects was studied by means of an array of electromyograph (EMG) electrodes. Bipolar fine wire electrodes were placed in the second and fourth parasternal intercostal muscles and in two or three external intercostal muscles in the midaxillary line from the fourth to eighth intercostal spaces. Subjects breathed quietly or rebreathed from a bag containing 8% CO2 in O2 in both supine and upright postures. Respiration was monitored by means of flow, volume, and separate rib cage and abdominal volumes. Onset of EMG activity in each breath was found near the beginning of inspiration in the uppermost intercostal spaces but progressively later in inspiration in lower spaces, indicating that activity spreads downward across the rib cage through inspiration. At higher ventilation stimulated by CO2, activity spread further and faster downward. In voluntary deep breathing, external intercostal muscles tended to be recruited earlier in inspiration than in CO2-stimulated breathing. The change from supine to sitting resulted in small and inconsistent changes. There was no lung volume or rib cage volume threshold for appearance of EMG activity in any of the spaces.

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A CASE REPORT OF GIANT MALIGNANT SCHWANNOMA GROWING OUT OF THE RIGHT LATERAL CHEST WALL TO INTRATHORATIC SPACE WHICH CAUSED DYSPNEA

The journal of the Japanese Practical Surgeon Society ◽

10.3919/ringe1963.54.2807 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 54 (11) ◽

pp. 2807-2811

Author(s):

Motohisa KATO ◽

Tetsuya SATO ◽

Atsushi MATSUO ◽

Shigetoyo SAJI ◽

Yukiji YAMADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Chest Wall ◽

Malignant Schwannoma ◽

Lateral Chest ◽

The Right

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Large lateral thoracic defect by chondrosarcoma resection chest wall reconstruction using myocutaneous latissimus dorsal flap without parietal rigid repair

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1699069 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 43-47

Author(s):

Jorge O Guerrissi

Keyword(s):

Chest Wall ◽

Myocutaneous Flap ◽

Functional Results ◽

Chest Wall Reconstruction ◽

Parietal Pleura ◽

Subcutaneous Tissues ◽

Lateral Chest ◽

The Right ◽

Alloplastic Mesh ◽

Respiratory Movements

ABSTRACTA case of a 66 year-old women, with a large chondrosarcoma arising from right lateral chest wall is presented. Parietal pleura, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th ribs (lateral arch), underlying muscle, subcutaneous tissues and the right breast were also involved by the tumor. Surgical resection was planned including skin, right breast, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th lateral rib arches and parietal pleura; a wide defect was created with exposure of lung. Reconstruction was planned by means of an extensive myocutaneous dorsal flap pedicled on right thoracodorsal vessels; alloplastic mesh for parietal chest wall reconstruction was not used. Two years postoperative results showed no local recurrence and excellent aesthetic and functional results were evident; respiratory function remained unaltered.The progressive rigidity reached by the reconstructed lateral chest wall, allowed us to conclude that the use of myocutaneous flap is enough to avoid paradoxical respiratory movements and any type of alloplastic mesh is unnecessary.

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Management of Cardiac Injury by Stab Wounds on the Right Lateral Chest Wall: a Case Report

Indian Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1007/s12262-013-1019-9 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 65-66

Author(s):

Wen Hu ◽

Fenglei Yu ◽

Sichuang Tan

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Chest Wall ◽

Cardiac Injury ◽

Stab Wounds ◽

Lateral Chest ◽

The Right

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Overview of Normal Thoracic Imaging Anatomy

Chest Imaging ◽

10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

Melissa L. Rosado-de-Christenson

Keyword(s):

Chest Wall ◽

Chest Radiography ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Ct Images ◽

Thoracic Disease ◽

Anatomic Landmarks ◽

Thoracic Imaging ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Lateral Chest ◽

The Right

Overview of normal thoracic imaging anatomy provides a review of the normal anatomic markings of the thorax with emphasis on radiographic and CT anatomy. Chest radiography allows visualization and evaluation of various anatomic structures in the thorax including the lungs, airways, hila, thoracic vessels (including pulmonary and systemic), mediastinum, pleura and chest wall (including soft tissues and skeletal structures). The various mediastinal interfaces are also discussed including the anterior and posterior junction lines, the right paratracheal stripe, the azygoesophageal recess and the paravertebral stripes. The anatomy of the hila on lateral chest radiography is also presented. These anatomic landmarks are illustrated using a series of normal radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) images. Knowledge of normal imaging anatomy allows identification of anatomic alterations as manifestations of thoracic disease.

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Unilateral hyperpigmented atrophic patch on the right upper back and lateral chest

European Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1684/ejd.2021.3986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 130-131

Author(s):

Conghui Li ◽

Haipeng Shi ◽

Yonghong Lu

Keyword(s):

Lateral Chest ◽

The Right

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Lung and chest wall impedances in the dog in normal range of breathing: effects of pulmonary edema

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.1040 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 1040-1046 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

G. M. Barnas ◽

D. Stamenovic ◽

K. R. Lutchen

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Pulmonary Edema ◽

Chest Wall ◽

Mean Airway Pressure ◽

Normal Range ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Before And After ◽

Measured Resistance ◽

The Right ◽

Severe Pulmonary Edema

We evaluated the effect of pulmonary edema on the frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT) dependences of respiratory system mechanical properties in the normal ranges of breathing. We measured resistance and elastance of the lungs (RL and EL) and chest wall of four anesthetized-paralyzed dogs during sinusoidal volume oscillations at the trachea (50–300 ml, 0.2–2 Hz), delivered at a constant mean airway pressure. Measurements were made before and after severe pulmonary edema was produced by injection of 0.06 ml/kg oleic acid into the right atrium. Chest wall properties were not changed by the injection. Before oleic acid, EL increased slightly with increasing f in each dog but was independent of VT. RL decreased slightly and was independent of VT from 0.2 to 0.4 Hz, but above 0.4 Hz it tended to increase with increasing flow, presumably due to the airway contribution. After oleic acid injection, EL and RL increased greatly. Large negative dependences of EL on VT and of RL on f were also evident, so that EL and RL after oleic acid changed two- and fivefold, respectively, within the ranges of f and VT studied. We conclude that severe pulmonary edema changes lung properties so as to make behavior VT dependent (i.e., nonlinear) and very frequency dependent in the normal range of breathing.

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A rare gigantic primary epithelial cyst of spleen in an adolescent boy

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20172415 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 2084

Author(s):

Kiran George N. ◽

Gayatri Balachandran ◽

L. N. Mohan

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Abdominal Distension ◽

Splenic Cyst ◽

Epithelial Cyst ◽

Present Specimen ◽

Left Flank ◽

Left Hypochondrium ◽

Midaxillary Line ◽

Midclavicular Line ◽

The Right

Cysts arising from spleen are a rare clinical entity, with their discovery usually being incidental. We present a case of the largest reported primary epithelial cyst of spleen. In present study a 16-year-old child presented with abdominal distension for 1 month associated with abdominal pain for 2 weeks. On examination, a mass was felt in the epigastrium, left hypochondrium and left flank, extending across from the right midclavicular line to the left midaxillary line, and extended inferiorly till 6cm caudal to umbilicus. CT abdomen revealed a unilocular cyst of 17x20x24cm arising from the spleen with a volume of 3700ml. Splenectomy was performed; intra-operatively there was a huge splenic cyst measuring 30x30x30cm. Histopathological examination was diagnostic of Primary congenital epithelial cyst of the spleen. Till date the largest congenital splenic cyst documented in literature is 20 cm × 13 cm × 21 cm, as reported by Valentina et al, in 2014. Present specimen bests this previous case considerably.

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