Effects of Bolus Holding on Respiratory–Swallow Coordination in Parkinson's Disease

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of bolus holding on respiratory–swallow coordination (RSC) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method: People with PD were prospectively recruited to undergo RSC assessment using simultaneous respiratory inductive plethysmography and flexible laryngoscopy. During RSC assessment, participants swallowed 5-ml thin liquid boluses during held and nonheld swallowing tasks. Measures of RSC were analyzed for each swallow, which included respiratory pause duration, lung volume at swallow initiation, respiratory phase patterning, and the presence of paradoxical respiratory movements. Multilevel statistical modeling was used to determine if differences in RSC were present between the held and nonheld tasks. Results: Thirty-three participants were enrolled. When compared to the nonheld swallows, the held swallows exhibited shorter respiratory pauses ( p = .001, R 2 = .019), lower lung volumes at swallow initiation ( p < .001, R 2 = .116), more frequent exhale–swallow–exhale patterns ( p < .001, OR = 4.30), and less frequent paradoxical respiratory movements ( p = .001, OR = 0.43). Conclusions: Findings from this study revealed that bolus holding significantly influences RSC in people with PD. This demonstrates that bolus holding may be an efficacious strategy to immediately improve RSC in PD. However, clinicians and researchers should consider avoiding bolus holding during swallowing evaluations if attempting to assess RSC behaviors that are most typical for the examinee.

Primary closure of superior partial sternal cleft in a 2-month-old girl: case report

Background Sternal cleft is a quite rare malformation. It is seen 1 out of 100,000 live births and makes up less than 1% of all chest wall deformities, seen more often among females. The deformity can be partial or complete. Partial deformities can be superior or inferior. It is generally diagnosed at birth when paradoxical respiratory movements are seen. Patients are often asymptomatic when they are born and generally other abnormalities accompany. As sternal clefts can be repaired primarily at early ages, they are repaired using autologous or synthetic grafts in the following years. We present a 2-month-old girl with superior partial sternal cleft repaired primary and accompanying hemangiomas in this case report. Case presentation A girl who was born in another center and had a sternal cleft, who did not have any problems in the early period, was admitted to our hospital with respiratory distress at the age of 43 days. The patient was monitored with mechanical ventilator support, and there were hemangiomas around his left ear and lips. There were paradoxical respiratory movements in front of the heart, in the upper midline of the chest. Three-dimensional computed tomography showed that the upper part of the sternum did not develop, and there were hypoplasic sternal bars on both sides. It was evaluated as superior partial sternal cleft, and surgery was planned. In the operation, the sternal bars were released from the pericardium and pleura. The periosteum in the medial of both sternal bars was then released and connected in the midline, in front of the pericardium. Conclusion Although neonates with a sternal cleft are asymptomatic at birth, respiratory symptoms may develop in later periods. In addition, because the structures are more flexible in the neonatal period, the primary repair of the cleft is easier and the risk of cardiac compression is lower. In our case, sternal bars could be approached primary, and no chondral grafts, patches, or steel wires were required.

PREDICTION OF CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS AND THE LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS

В различные синоптические сроки выявлено количество измерений по индексу температуры и влажности (ТВИ) в животноводческом помещении, при которых у коров наблюдается тепловой стресс. Спрогнозированы данные о температуре тела и частоте дыхания коров в условиях теплового стресса и его отсутствия, в том числе и по четырем срокам измерений. Определен потенциально возможный уровень молочной продуктивности коров при отсутствии теплового стресса. По методу E.C. Thom установлено, в среднем, 80,0% значений ТВИ, характеризующих условия среды как «тепловой стресс». Наблюдалось увеличение доли данных значений с 10 ч утра до 19 ч. По A. Berman et al. Выявлено, в среднем, 10,9% значений ТВИ, а по M.K. Yousef — 5,0%, относящихся к тепловому стрессу. В 15-й синоптический срок измерений по Гринвичу в животноводческом помещении спрогнозирована наибольшая вероятность теплового стресса. Среднее увеличение температуры тела коров с 6-го по 15-й синоптические сроки измерений при тепловом стрессе составит 1,0% (0,4°C, P<0,001), а частоты дыхания — 51,3% (18 дыхательных движений в 1 мин, (P<0,001). Максимальная динамика увеличения температуры тела наблюдается в 13 ч и 16 ч, а частоты дыхания — в 13 ч. Потенциальная молочная продуктивность дойных коров в летние месяцы может быть в среднем на 8,9% выше. In various synoptic terms in the cowshed room, the amount of measurements of the temperature of the heat and humidity index was revealed when the cows suffer from thermal stress. Data on body temperature and respiration rate of cows in conditions of heat stress and its absence were predicted, including those for four measurement periods. Potentially possible level of milk production of cows in the absence of heat stress was determined. According to E.C. Thom is found on average 80.0% of the values of THI, characterizing environmental conditions as "heat stress". An increase in the share of these values is observed in the period from 10:00 to 19:00. According to A. Berman et al. revealed on average 10.9% of THI values, and according to M.K. Yousef — 5.0% of the THI values related to heat stress. In 15, the synoptic term of measurements in Greenwich in the cowshed, the highest probability of heat stress is predicted. The average increase in body temperature of cows from 6 to 15 synoptic term of measurements in Greenwich heat stress will be 1.0% (0.4°C, P<0.001), and the respiration rate will be 51.3% (18 respiratory movements per minute, P<0.001). The maximum dynamics of an increase in body temperature is observed at 13:00 and 16:00 for body temperature, and respiratory rate at 13:00. The potential milk production of dairy cows in the summer months can be 8.9% higher on average.

The influence of the Zoobior remedy, used in an implementation study on the health and clinical hematological status of young hens in the first laying phase

This article presents the scientific results focused on investigating the impact of the ZooBioR remedy, obtained from Spirulina platensis, tested on young hens, in the first technological phase of laying. The research was initiated on young hens, of 24 weeks old, belonging to the “Hy-Line” hybrid, bred in identical conditions of nutrition and maintenance. The hens in the experimental group received daily food supplemented with ZooBioR, in proportion of 10 mg active substance/kg feed. During the study the birds were monitored, and periodically were determined body temperature, frequency of respiratory movements. For haematological investigations, from birds was collected blood from the axial veins and, as the case may be, from the jugular veins, in standard model test tubes. It has been established that the ZooBioR remedy is well tolerated by young hens and exhibits anti-stress and adaptive properties. In addition, the tested product has a positive evolution on the hemogram, increases the natural body resistance, inducing at the end of the study a tendency of increase of platelets in blood.

FEATURES OF CHANGES IN CARDIAC ACTIVITY UNDER VIBRATION EXPOSURE

The results of the study have shown that when exposed to vibration, changes in cardiac activity occur in rabbits, the nature and direction of which depend on the parameters of the dynamic factor. Vibration with a frequency of 20 Hz causes moderate tachycardia, and 40 and 80 Hz – severe tachycardia. Three months of vibration in the first month of exposure causes tachycardia, and after three months of exposure, bradycardia. There is also a reduction in respiratory movements and a decrease in the activity of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

Clinical condition and productivity of gonadoectomized roosters of Adler silver breed

The effect of gonadoectomy (removal of the testicles) in Adler's silver roosters on the clinical condition, live weight, slaughter rates and chemical composition of the pectoral muscle was studied. The experiment was performed on 40 roosters of 6-weeks, which according to the principle of analogues were divided into two groups: control and experimental 20 heads each. It was found that in the preparatory period, which lasted 10 days indicators of the clinical condition – body temperature, pulse and respiration, as well as live weight of the roosters of the experimental group did not differ from the control. Gonadoectomy of roosters of the experimental group, conducted at the age of 45 days by a specially developed method, increased the body temperature of the poultry on the second day after surgical intervention by 1.03°C, and on the third – by 1.15°, while other indicators of clinical condition – pulse, number respiratory movements and live weight did not change compared to control. The duration of the postoperative period in the roosters of the experimental group was 3-4 days and ended with the healing of the wound on the skin. Subsequently, body temperature, pulse and the number of respiratory movements in gonadoectomized roosters corresponded to similar indicators of poultry in the control group. The live weight of gonadoectomized roosters in the rearing process, which was monitored decadelly from the 65th to the 95th day compared to the control did not change, on 105th and 115th day had a tendency to increase, and 125th day increased by 4.8 %. Slaughter rates of gonadoectomized roosters corresponded to similar indicators of poultry of the control group. The weight of the gutted carcass was higher by 5.2% and that of the muscular stomach by 7.8%. Differences in the chemical composition of the pectoral muscle of gonadoectomized roosters compared with control, namely: on the content of dry matter, moisture, fat, protein and ash were not found. Thus, gonadoectomy of roosters of the Adler's silver meat-egg breed does not affect their clinical condition, the chemical composition of the pectoral muscles, but increases the live weight of the bird on the 125th day of rearing

Chemical restraint of coatis by the association of Detomidine, Tiletamine and Zolazepam, in allometrically scaled dosages

ABSTRACT Ten free-living adult coatis (two males and eight females) were chemically restrained with "ZAD-50", a concentrated formulation prepared with the dehydrated content of a Zoletil/50® vial diluted with 0.25mL of 1% atropine, 0.265mL of Dormiun-V®, and 2.2mL of distilled water, being exactly 3.0mL. The formula was administered to each animal previously captured and physically contained with a net. The loss of righting reflex (RR) occurred at 2.3±0.8 minutes post-injection (MPI), with anesthesia beginning at 4.4±2.7 MPI. Myorelaxant and analgesia were considered excellent at all moments of the evaluation. Conscious reactions were observed at 78.7±22.2 MPI, the return of the RR occurred at 101 ± 18 MPI, and normal ambulation was acquired at 137.0±31.0 MPI. The mean values of physiological parameters measured every 10 minutes between 10 and 50 MPI were 152.2 heartbeats per minute for heart rate, 66.4 respiratory movements per minute for respiratory rate, 39.2oC for rectal temperature, 86.2% for SpO2 and 14.6 mmHg for systolic blood pressure. In the same times, the EEG registered sinus rhythm. No adverse reactions were observed, and the assessed vital parameters remained compatible with the state of chemical restraint.

Intravital Imaging of Pulmonary Immune Response in Inflammation and Infection

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a unique imaging method providing insights in cellular functions and interactions in real-time, without the need for tissue extraction from the body. IVM of the lungs has specific challenges such as restricted organ accessibility, respiratory movements, and limited penetration depth. Various surgical approaches and microscopic setups have been adapted in order to overcome these challenges. Among others, these include the development of suction stabilized lung windows and the use of more advanced optical techniques. Consequently, lung IVM has uncovered mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment and function in several models of pulmonary inflammation and infection. This review focuses on bacterial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, sepsis-induced acute lung Injury, and cystic fibrosis, as examples of lung inflammation and infection. In addition, critical details of intravital imaging techniques of the lungs are discussed.

ROLE OF RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE TOLERABILITY OF PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

The factor limiting the tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment should be considered the frequency of respiratory movements, which reflexively changes when additional respiratory resistance occurs. Unfortunately, there is almost no information in the available literature about changes in the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment at different rates of respiratory movements. The purpose of this work was to study the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment when changing the frequency of respiratory movements.The study was conducted on practically healthy persons of both sexes (78 people), aged from 20 to 36 years. To simulate the conditions for the use of personal respiratory protection equipment, inspiratory resistive respiratory loads of 20% of the maximum intraoral pressure during the Mueller test were used. The tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment was assessed using the Borg visual analogue of dyspnea scale, which reflected the level of subjective discomfort that occurs when additional respiratory resistance is turned on. During the action of additional respiratory resistance, the persons were asked to hold the frequency of respiratory movements, which was set using a special setting.An increase in the rate of respiratory movements against the background of additional respiratory resistance leads to a significant deterioration in the objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the persons; replacing the inhaled air with an oxygen-rich respiratory mixture with carbon dioxide absorption did not lead to a significant improvement in the functional state. A moderate decrease (up to 70% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration leads to an improvement in the indicators of adaptive activity in conditions of additional respiratory resistance. A significant decrease (up to 35% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration under conditions of additional respiratory resistance leads to a deterioration of objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the subjects.An increase in peak respiratory flow rates caused by an increase in the rate of respiration, in accordance with the well – known Rohrer equation, significantly increases inelastic resistance and, as a result, respiratory needs. These needs can be met at some time due to a significant increase in the work of the respiratory muscles, but due to fatigue of the latter, psychoemotional tension increases quite quickly and the use of personal respiratory protection equipment is abandoned.