scholarly journals Retinal Neuropathy in IGT Stage of OLETF Rats: Another Characteristic Change of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Zhenhong Guo ◽  
Xiaoyue Sun ◽  
Juhong Yang ◽  
Jinlan Xie ◽  
Feifei Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Oletf Rats ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Retinal Structure

Aims. We investigated the changes of retinal structure in normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stages in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Methods. We assigned OLETF rats to four groups based on their OGTT results and 24 h urinary microalbumin (24 h UMA) levels: NGT, IGT, DM, and DKD groups. We observed the structural and the corresponding pathological changes and quantified the expression of HIF-1α, iNOS, NF-κB, VEGF, ICAM-1, and occludin in the retina. Results. Significant damage to the retinal structure, especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), was observed in the IGT stage. The expression of HIF-1α, iNOS, NF-κB, VEGF, and ICAM-1 was significantly upregulated, while that of occludin was downregulated. Conclusion. Significant retinal neuropathy occurs in the IGT stage. Inflammation and hypoxia may damage the blood retina barrier (BRB), leading to diabetic retinopathy.

STUDIES IN CONGENITAL GENERALIZED LIPODYSTROPHY (SEIP-BERARDINELLI SYNDROME)

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Oseid
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Juvenile Form ◽  
Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Tests ◽  
The One ◽  
Adipose Organ

ABSTRACT Six cases of congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied at different ages from infancy to adolescence with regard to glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. During the first few years of life there is normal glucose tolerance. The fasting immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels are either slightly elevated or normal. The IRI response to glucose is exaggerated and prolonged, at least from the third year of life. Some degree of insulin resistance is already present in infancy. From the age of 8–10 years glucose tolerance decreases rapidly. The fasting IRI levels are usually grossly elevated, while fasting plasma glucose levels are only moderately elevated or normal. The IRI responses to oral and iv administered glucose, and to tolbutamide are exaggerated; the insulinogenic indices are high. Cortisone primed glucose tolerance tests become abnormal. Insulin resistance is marked, and increases with age. After cessation of growth at approximately 12 years of age, frank diabetes with fasting hyperglycaemia and diabetic glucose tolerance curves developed in the one patient followed beyond this age. Her fasting IRI was increased, but there was a poor IRI response to glucose stimulation, suggesting a partial exhaustion of the β-cells. Her initial IRI response to tolbutamide was still good, but not as brisk as in the younger patients. This type of diabetes is quite different from the juvenile form, and also from the diabetes of older age. It may be causally related to the lack of an adequate adipose organ necessary for the disposal of excesses of glucose, or possibly related to another anti-insulin mechanism.

Effect of High ß-Glucan Barley on Postprandial Plasma Glucose Levels in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 772-P
Author(s):  
MARIKO HIGA ◽  
AYANA HASHIMOTO ◽  
MOE HAYASAKA ◽  
MAI HIJIKATA ◽  
AYAMI UEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Glucose

Liraglutide Therapy in a Prediabetic State: Rethinking the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 699-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios S. Papaetis
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Prediabetic State ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Normal Glucose

Background: Prediabetes is defined as a state of glucose metabolism between normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Continuous β-cell failure and death are the reasons for the evolution from normal glucose tolerance to prediabetes and finally type 2 diabetes. Introduction: The necessity of new therapeutic approaches in order to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes is obligatory. Liraglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, has 97% homology for native GLP-1. Identification of the trophic and antiapoptotic properties of liraglutide in preclinical studies, together with evidence of sustained β-cell function longevity during its administration in type 2 diabetes individuals, indicated its earliest possible administration during this disease, or even before its development, so as to postpone or delay its onset. Methods: Pubmed and Google databases have been thoroughly searched and relevant studies were selected. Results: This paper explores the current evidence of liraglutide administration both in humans and animal models with prediabetes. Also, it investigates the safety profile of liraglutide treatment and its future role to postpone or delay the evolution of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Liralgutide remains a valuable tool in our therapeutic armamentarium for individuals who are overweight or obese and have prediabetes. Future well designed studies will give valuable information that will help clinicians to stratify individuals who will derive the most benefit from this agent, achieving targeted therapeutic strategies.

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