AbstractCoordinated immune responses against human tumors are frequently characterized by tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) which predict improved prognosis. The development of TLS is dependent on the chemokine CXCL13, reported to be secreted by dendritic cells and follicular helper T cells only. We report the unexpected finding that CXCL13 is also secreted by activated CD8+ T cells following stimulation by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Using single cell RNA sequencing we found that expression ofCXCL13in CD8+ T cells was restricted to the intraepithelial CD103+ population. Accordingly, CD8+ T cells activated in the presence of TGF-β simultaneously upregulated CD103 and secreted CXCL13.CXCL13expression was strongly correlated with neo-antigen burden and cytolytic gene signatures in bulk tumors. In line with this, TLS were abundant in neo-antigen-high, CD103+ T cell-enriched tumors. TGF-β thus appears to play a role in coordinating immune responses against human tumors through CD8-dependent CXCL13-associated formation of TLS.
The development and function of follicular helper T cells in immune responses