Sleep Factor in CSF, Brain and Urine

Evidence suggests that adenosine (AD) is an endogenous sleep factor. The hypnogenic action of AD is mediated through its inhibitory A1 and excitatory A2A receptors. Although AD is thought to be predominantly active in the wake-active region of the basal forebrain (BF), a hypnogenic action of AD has been demonstrated in several other brain areas, including the preoptic area. We hypothesized that in lateral preoptic area (LPOA), a region with an abundance of sleep-active neurons, AD acting via A1 receptors would induce waking by inhibition of sleep-active neurons and that AD acting via A2A receptors would promote sleep by stimulating the sleep-active neurons. To this end, we studied the effects on sleep of an AD transport inhibitor, nitrobenzyl-thio-inosine (NBTI) and A1 and A2A receptor agonists/antagonists by microdialyzing them into the LPOA. The results showed that, in the sleep-promoting area of LPOA: 1) A1 receptor stimulation or inhibition of AD transport by NBTI induced waking and 2) A2A receptor stimulation induced sleep. We also confirmed that NBTI administration in the wake promoting area of the BF increased sleep. The effects of AD could be mediated either directly or indirectly via interaction with other neurotransmitter systems. These observations support a hypothesis that AD mediated effects on sleep-wake cycles are site and receptor dependent.

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SLEEP FACTOR, MURAMYL PEPTIDES, AND THE SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92724-1 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 321 (8336) ◽

pp. 1277

Author(s):

K MAEK

Keyword(s):

Serotoninergic System ◽

Sleep Factor

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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide. A Possible REM Sleep Factor

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27025.x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 527 (1 Vasoactive In) ◽

pp. 627-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

RENÉ DRUCKER-COLÍN ◽

OSCAR PROSPÉRO-GARCÍA ◽

RUY PÉREZ-MONTFORT ◽

MARÍA T. PACHECO

Keyword(s):

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Sleep Factor

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A Novel Design of Morlet Wavelet to Solve the Dynamics of Nervous Stomach Nonlinear Model

International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems ◽

10.1007/s44196-021-00057-2 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zulqurnain Sabir ◽

Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja ◽

S. R. Mahmoud ◽

Mohammed Balubaid ◽

Ali Algarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Death Rate ◽

Error Function ◽

Morlet Wavelet ◽

Active Set ◽

Computing Paradigm ◽

Hybrid Heuristics ◽

Adams Methods ◽

Numerical Computing ◽

Novel Design ◽

Sleep Factor

AbstractThe present study introduces a novel design of Morlet wavelet neural network (MWNN) models to solve a class of a nonlinear nervous stomach system represented with governing ODEs systems via three categories, tension, food and medicine, i.e., TFM model. The comprehensive detail of each category is designated together with the sleep factor, food rate, tension rate, medicine factor and death rate are also provided. The computational structure of MWNNs along with the global search ability of genetic algorithm (GA) and local search competence of active-set algorithms (ASAs), i.e., MWNN-GA-ASAs is applied to solve the TFM model. The optimization of an error function, for nonlinear TFM model and its related boundary conditions, is performed using the hybrid heuristics of GA-ASAs. The performance of the obtained outcomes through MWNN-GA-ASAs for solving the nonlinear TFM model is compared with the results of state of the article numerical computing paradigm via Adams methods to validate the precision of the MWNN-GA-ASAs. Moreover, statistical assessments studies for 50 independent trials with 10 neuron-based networks further authenticate the efficacy, reliability and consistent convergence of the proposed MWNN-GA-ASAs.

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The Sleep Factor

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican0876-24 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 235 (2) ◽

pp. 24-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

John R. Pappenheimer

Keyword(s):

Sleep Factor

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