The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: Research and Reception. Vol. 1: From the Middle Ages to c. 1830, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross

Numen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Manu Braithwaite-Westoby
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The North ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals I.—Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum, III, and IV

Archaeologia ◽  
1885 ◽  
Vol 49 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur John Evans
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
North And South ◽  
Uncertain Boundary ◽  
The Middle Ages

Hitherto we have been concerned with the Dalmatian coast-cities and the great parallel lines of road that traversed the length of the Province from the borders of Pannonia and Italy to those of Epirus. From Salonæ there were, in addition to these highways to the North and South, at least two main-lines of Roman Way that traversed the interior ranges of the Dinaric Alps and led to the Mœsian and Dardanian borders that lay to the East and South-East. Milliary columns have been found at Salonæ, one recording the completion by Tiberius' Legate Dolabella of a line of road leading from the Colony of Salonæ to a mountain stronghold of the Ditiones—an Illyrian clan probably inhabiting what is now the North-East region of Bosnia; another, also of Tiberius' time, referring to the construction of a line, 156 miles in extent, from Salonæ to aCastellumof the Dæsitiates, an Illyrian clan belonging to theConventusor administrative district of Narona, and whose stronghold, according to the mileage given, must be sought somewhere on the Upper Drina, towards the Moesian and Dalmatian confines. This latter line may very well be that represented in theTabula Peutingerianaas leading from Salonæ to Argentaria, a name which seems to connect itself with the silver-bearing ranges lying on the uncertain boundary of the ancient Dalmatia and Dardania, and which, from its mineral riches, was still known in the Middle Ages asMonte Argentaro.

scholarly journals IV.—On the Series of Wall Paintings in the Church of St. Mary, Guildford

Archaeologia ◽  
1885 ◽  
Vol 49 (01) ◽  
pp. 199-212
Author(s):  
John Green Waller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Church ◽  
Old Friends ◽  
New Discovery ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Series of Paintings on the vault of the apse to the north aisle of St. Mary's Church, Guildford, unlike so many which have exercised our attention for a long time past, are of no new discovery, but were disclosed as far back as 1825. In 1838, they were described, and a solution proposed by my old friends, Edward John Carlos and John Gough Nichols, in theArchaeologia, vol. XXVII. p. 413. There are no two names which recall to me more reverent associations than those of the friends I have mentioned. Mr. Carlos was my master in archaeology, and Mr. Nichols's services are well known to this Society. But at the time they wrote little or nothing was known of the popular religious art of the Middle Ages. Didron had but begun his researches, and Maury had not written at all; whilst, in this country, whitewash still covered most of the walls of our churches. Therefore it is not a matter of surprise that their attempted solution is inaccurate, nor have those who have followed them been more fortunate. Guesses have been vaguely made, always an unsure process, for there is nothing more likely to deceive than attempts to find out the meaning of a subject without any principle to go upon: it is like a voyage upon an unknown sea, without rudder or compass. In fact, the subjects I am about to explain, are exceedingly obscure until the clue is obtained; and, at one time, I feared I must have confessed my ignorance, though not admitting the accuracy of the solution given by my friends. They are unique to my experience, and especially curious in the manner in which they are associated together.

The Council of Constance: Its Fame and its Failure

1921 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 43-69
Author(s):  
David Schley Schaff
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Church Administration ◽  
The North ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Middle Ages

Van Der Hardt significantly entitled his voluminous collection of documents bearing on the Council of Constance, Magnum œcumenicum Constantiense concilium —the Great Œcumenical Council of Constance. The recent Catholic historian Funk pronounced it to be “eine der grossartigsten Kirchenversammlungen welche die Geschichte kennt”—one of the most imposing church assemblies known to history. In my own judgment, the council which assembled in Constance (1414) was, upon the whole, not only one of the most imposing of church œcumenical councils but perhaps the most imposing assembly of any sort which has ever met on the soil of Western Europe. In its sessions the urgent questions were discussed which agitated to its foundations Western Christendom during the last centuries of the Middle Ages. The Council had on it the smell of the Middle Ages and at the same time it felt the breath of the age about to open. It was an ecclesiastical synod and yet it had much of the swing of a democratic assembly. It was the first approach to a free religious parliament in which the lay element had recognition at the side of the clerical element. The two elements, mediæval and modern, strictly clerical and lay, had representation in its two places of meeting, the Cathedral, the temple of religion, and the Kaufhaus, the board of trade. The assembly was an ecclesiastical body, called to settle ecclesiastical questions; Constance was an imperial city, one of the centers of the North Alpine traffic. The questions discussed were of church administration and doctrinal purity, but the voting was done by national groups, “nations,” a wide departure from the habit of restricting the voting to the bishops, as at the Council of Nice, 325 A.D., and later councils.

THE NORTH IN MAPS AND GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF THE MIDDLE AGES

2014 ◽  
pp. 182-290
Author(s):  
Fridtjof Nansen ◽  
Arthur G. Chater
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The North ◽  
The Middle Ages

Changes in Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Grain Cereals From the North-Western Mediterranean Basin During the Past Seven Millenia

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Araus ◽  
R Buxo
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Middle Ages

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was determined for kernels of six-row barley and durum wheat cultivated in the north-western Mediterranean basin during the last seven millennia. Samples from the Neolithic, Bronze, Iron and Middle Ages came from different archaeological sites in Catalonia. Samples for the period 1910-20 and 1990 were also analysed. There was a slight decrease (P=0.10, carbonisation-corrected values) in Δ from the Neolithic to the Iron Age period and a much steeper decrease from the Middle Ages to 1910-20 (P<0.01). Since water-use efficiency and isotope discrimination are negatively correlated, from the pattern of change in Δ it is suggested that there has been a progressive increase in the water-use efficiency (WUE) of these cereals. Since the Middle Ages this has coincided with increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thus, for a given relative humidity and air temperature, the estimated WUE (measured as the ratio of CO2 assimilation to transpiration) from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages samples ranged between 65-70% of present time WUE values, whereas WUE for 1910-20 was about 86% of present values.

Priests, cattle and men

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Near East ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
The North ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Middle Ages

It is about three-quarters of a century since themaryannu(maryanni) of Mitanni and its dependencies, appearing in Hittite and Egyptian records of the second millennium B.C., were first discussed in connexion with the IndoIranians. In 1910 H. Winckler interpreted the word as a title belonging to Aryan infiltrators from the north, who had come to form an aristocracy among the Hurrians; and he recorded the suggestion by F. C. Andreas connecting it with Vedicmárya‘ young man, man, hero ’. Subsequently W. F. Albright presented a carefully documented case for considering themaryannuto be primarily ‘chariot-warriors’, arguing that from about 1700 to 1200 B.C. ‘chariots played the same role in warfare that cavalry did later, and the chariot-warriors occupied the same social position that was held by the⃛ feudal knights of the Middle Ages’. He further pointed out, with regard to Vedicmárya, that a semantic development from ‘young man’ to ‘warrior’ is widely attested. Thereafter R. T. O'Callaghan adduced yet more evidence from Egyptian and cuneiform sources to confirm that ‘from the mid-fifteenth century to the midtwelfth century B.C., and from the Mitanni kingdom down through Palestine beyond Ascalon, the termmaryannuis to be understood primarily as a noble who is a chariot-warrior’. The area was one where Indo-Aryan names occur at about the same period; and in the fourteenth-century Kikkuli treatise from Boghaz-köy, on the training of chariot-horses, Indo-Aryan technical terms appear. There were solid grounds therefore for thinking that Indo-Aryans, bringing with them horses from the Asian steppes, had played a leading part in developing chariotry in the Near East at that time, and that it was this which enabled a group of them to become locally dominant there.

The North Portal of Durham Cathedral and the Problem of ‘Sanctuary’ in Medieval Britain

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 195-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Philip McAleer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Room ◽  
The Middle Ages

A small room (which has since been destroyed) located over the north portal of Durham Cathedral has been explained as a watching-room for fugitives fleeing to seek sanctuary at the cathedral that housed the shrine of one of England's pre-eminent saints, Cuthbert. The source behind this identification is an account of the customs of Durham written only c 1593. There is no earlier documentary evidence indicating a function for this room. An examination of the customs and traditions of sanctuary, some aspects of which were unique to England in the Middle Ages, suggests that there was no need for such a supposed watching-room. A search for parallels, especially among cathedral and abbey churches from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, produces no conclusive evidence for the function of similar but larger rooms located over strongly projecting porches sheltering lateral entrances to naves. Although a function as a watching-room may be doubted more than firmly disproved, it can nonetheless be suggested that the room was more likely constructed for a liturgical purpose such as some aspect of the ritual surrounding the arrival of the bishop and his entrance into his church.

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