The Human Spirit and the Holy Spirit in the Qumran Hodayot

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
David Crump

AbstractInterpretations of John 19:30 historically have divided themselves into three categories: (1) Jesus surrenders his spirit in death (traditional view); (2) Jesus gives the Holy Spirit to disciples at the cross (E.C. Hoskyns); and (3) a combination of these two, wherein the explicit description of death also implies the Spirit's future denouement. Here a new interpretation is offered that is more congruent with Johannine theology and vocabulary: Jesus is actually returning the Holy Spirit to his Father in preparation for the sending of the Paraclete as promised in John 7:39.


Pneuma ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-314
Author(s):  
Connie Dawson

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 214-233
Author(s):  
Christine Schulte am Hülse

Abstract This article examines the pneumatology in the theological works of the “heretic” Michael Servetus, which so far has received limited attention in research. This is worthwhile, since Servetus developed two answers to the question of what the Holy Spirit is: on the one hand, a movement of God in the human spirit understood as a divine accident of God; or, on the other, even the divine substance itself, which is physiologically incorporated by humans. The occasion and the focus of this article are therefore the perception and the discussion of these two pneumatological approaches and their most significant differences. Both approaches are outlined in their main features and explained in their respective contexts. Nevertheless, these separate analyses will also be related to each other in a comparative fashion, so that a fundamental moment of Servetus’ entire pneumatology can be identified: the constitution and mediation of unity between God and creation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Irawan

Worship is not merely a routine ceremonial activity in the lives of Christians.  Worship is in fact a meeting between the Church and God.  In addition, worship is also an important means of reviving and strengthening the beliefs of the congregation, and to spread the love of Christ to those who do not know Christ.  The logical consequence of this realization is the effort to build worship practices on top of the right perspective foundation.  From the study of the meaning of "worshiping God in spirit and righteousness" in John 4:20-26, the theological implications were finally found for the establishment of biblical worship.  Firstly, the essence of worship is no longer centred on a place or liturgy, but to Jesus himself who is none other than God.  Second, worship centred on God.  Third, worshiping God in spirit and truth is essentially happening not solely because of the encouragement of the human spirit or the sincere attitude of man.  But more than that, true worship occurs when the Holy Spirit moves or empowers people to worship God.  Thus, a new believer can be involved in true worship when Christ is full sovereign as his personal saviour.  True worship also brings the believer to the earnest fulfilment of Christ's existence in his life.  Thus worship or worship is not destined to satisfy man, but to glorify God.  True worship will ultimately lead believers to preach Christ whom he has known to unbelievers.   ==== Ibadah bukanlah sekedar aktivitas seremonial rutin dalam kehidupan orang Kristen.  Ibadah pada hakikatnya merupakan perjumpaan antara jemaat dengan Allah.  Selain itu, ibadah juga merupakan sarana yang penting untuk menghidupkan dan menguatkan kepercayaan jemaat, dan untuk menyinarkan kasih Kristus kepada orang-orang yang belum mengenal Kristus.  Konsekuensi logis dari kesadaran ini adalah usaha membangun praktik ibadah di atas fondasi prespektif yang benar.  Dari kajian terhadap makna “Menyembah Allah dalam Roh dan kebenaran” dalam Yohanes 4:20-26, pada akhirnya  ditemukan implikasi teologis bagi usaha menyelenggarakan ibadah yang Alkitabiah.  Pertama, esensi penyembahan bukan lagi berpusat kepada tempat ataupun liturgi, namun kepada Yesus sendiri yang tidak lain adalah Allah.  Kedua, penyembahan  yang dipusatkan kepada Allah.   Ketiga, menyembah Allah dalam Roh dan kebenaran pada dasarnya terjadi bukan semata-mata karena dorongan roh manusia atau sikap tulus manusia.  Namun lebih dari itu, penyembahan yang benar terjadi pada saat Roh Kudus menggerakkan atau memberdayakan manusia untuk menyembah Allah.  Dengan demikian, umat percaya baru dapat terlibat dalam penyembahan yang benar apabila Kristus berdaulat penuh sebagai Juruselamatnya pribadi.  Penyembahan yang benar juga membawa umat percaya kepada pengenalan yang sungguh-sungguh  akan keberadaan Kristus dalam kehidupannya.  Dengan demikian penyembahan atau ibadah bukanlah diperuntukkan untuk memuaskan manusia, namun untuk memuliakan Allah.  Penyembahan yang benar pada akhirnya akan menuntun umat percaya untuk memberitakan Kristus yang telah dia kenal kepada orang-orang yang belum percaya.


1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Morten Mortensen

The Holy Spirit - God’s Voice on Earthby Morten MortensenFew Western theologians have talked so much about the Holy Spirit as Grundtvig. When Grundtvig constantly fastens his gaze on the present reality and the presently active God, belief in the Holy Spirit acquires a particular importance. There are thus good grounds for inquiring into Grundtvig’s theology of the Holy Spirit, also since demands have been heard from several quarters in our day and age for renewed attention to be paid to the third article of the Creed.When Grundtvig wishes to explain who the Holy Spirit is, he maintains that one must first grasp what the spirit of a people is before one can understand the spirit of the people of God. This understanding is supported from the Bible by the fact that it was the Holy Spirit that in the act of creation created the human spirit as an image of itself, inasmuch as God breathed into the soil and created a human being. This human spirit is closely connected with the ability to live in a invisible world, which is held together through language and which can be passed on through words. Word and spirit belong together, says Grundtvig - the spirit is the vital force in the word. The spirit is the faith, hope and love that lie in the words.The human spirit should thus be handed down from generation to generation through the native tongue. But as a result of the Fall it was eclipsed and destroyed, so that the image of God’s Spirit became unrecognizable in it. But with Jesus, God’s Spirit came again to the human spirit. For God the Father’s Spirit was also Jesus’ Spirit, inasmuch as He was conceived by Him and walked in the Spirit. Through the atonement on the cross Jesus could then give the race of man a share in His own spirit, so that the race of man could be saved and enlightened in Him. Thus it was that on Whit Sunday the Holy Spirit could join forces with baptism and the Eucharist, since He was in “the Words of the Lord’s own mouth”. The Spirit is therefore handed down together with the visible signs from generation to generation, and must in this way pass through the generations in order to regenerate and renew the fallen human spirit. On the Day of our Lord Jesus Christ the human spirit will thus be completely one with the Holy Spirit.It is obvious that this theology of the Holy Spirit is bound up with an understanding of the Trinity which differs from the one in the orthodoxy of the Lutheran tradition. Thus Grundtvig stresses the threeness in the Trinity of the Godhead and emphasizes in particular that the Spirit is a person. In this emphasis on the threeness he shows a dependent position on the Eastern one, which is also revealed in the fact that the Spirit is not said to emanate from the Father and the Son, but is said to emanate from the Father through the Son.This inquiry thus points out how Grundtvig really manages to talk about the presence of God. He can do so by virtue of a profound understanding of the person of the Holy Spirit.


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