Incidental change detection and working memory load in a dual-task paradigm

Preparing for the future during ongoing activities is an essential skill. Yet, it is currently unclear to what extent we can prepare for the future in parallel with another task. In two experiments, we investigated how characteristics of a present task influenced whether and when participants prepared for the future, as well as its usefulness. We focused on the influence of concurrent working memory load, assuming that working memory would interfere most strongly with preparation. In both experiments, participants performed a novel sequential dual-task paradigm, in which they could voluntary prepare for a second task while performing a first task. We identified task preparation by means of eye tracking, through detecting when participants switched their gaze from the first to the second task. The results showed that participants prepared productively, as evidenced by faster RTs on the second task, with only a small cost to the present task. The probability of preparation and its productiveness decreased with general increases in present task difficulty. In contrast to our prediction, we found some but no consistent support for influence of concurrent working memory load on preparation. Only for concurrent high working memory load (i.e., two items in memory), we observed strong interference with preparation. We conclude that preparation is affected by present task difficulty, potentially due to decreased opportunities for preparation and changes in multitasking strategy. Furthermore, the interference from holding two items may reflect that concurrent preparation is compromised when working memory integration is required by both processes.

Working memory and decision making in children with ADHD: an analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-020-02677-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosa Angela Fabio ◽

Marilla Bianco ◽

Tindara Caprì ◽

Flavia Marino ◽

Liliana Ruta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Working Memory ◽

Dual Task ◽

Memory Load ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Dual Task Paradigm ◽

Delayed Discounting

Abstract Background Deficits in working memory tasks have been widely documented in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of working memory load in impulsivity during decision-making processes. A delayed discounting (DD) paradigm was used, comparing children with ADHD and age-matched controls. Method Thirty-two children equally divided between typically developing and ADHD, from 8 to 10 years of age were assigned to sessions of a dual-task paradigm. In the primary task the child has to choose between two different amounts of money at different time delays, while in the secondary task the child has to repeat a random series of digits with different lengths. The experiment was conducted in a school setting. Results Compared to peers with typical development, delayed discounting was significantly stronger in children with ADHD and discounting rates increased in both groups for heavier memory loads. Furthermore, the memory load impact on frequency of immediate rewards was stronger in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Discussion Results are discussed in terms of the relation between working memory load and decision-making processes, their impact on impulsive behaviour in ADHD and the need for future research to understand possible neurocognitive correlates and use that information to develop better inclusive policies.

Working Memory and Decision making in children with ADHD: an analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm

10.21203/rs.2.12080/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rosa Angela Fabio ◽

Marilla Bianco ◽

Tindara Caprì ◽

Flavia Marino ◽

Liliana Ruta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Working Memory ◽

Dual Task ◽

Memory Load ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Dual Task Paradigm ◽

Delayed Discounting

Abstract Objective: Deficits in working memory tasks have been widely documented in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of working memory load in impulsivity during decision-making processes. A delayed discounting (DD) paradigm was used, comparing children with ADHD and age-matched controls. Method: Thirty-two children equally divided between typically developing and ADHD, from 8 to 10 years of age were assigned to sessions of a dual-task paradigm. In the primary task the child has to choice between two different amounts of money at different time delays, while in the secondary task the child has to repeat a random series of digits with different lengths. The experiment was conducted in a school setting. Results: Compared to peers with typical development, delayed discounting was significantly stronger in children with ADHD and discounting rates increased in both groups for heavier memory loads. Furthermore, the memory load impact on frequency of immediate rewards was stronger in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Discussion: Results are discussed in terms of the relation between working memory load and decision-making processes, their impact on impulsive behaviour in ADHD and the need for future research to understand possible neurocognitive correlates and use those information to develop better inclusive policies.

Working Memory and Decision making in children with ADHD: an analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm

10.21203/rs.2.12080/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rosa Angela Fabio ◽

Marilla Bianco ◽

Tindara Caprì ◽

Flavia Marino ◽

Liliana Ruta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Working Memory ◽

Dual Task ◽

Memory Load ◽

Typical Development ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Dual Task Paradigm ◽

Delayed Discounting

Abstract Objective Deficits in working memory tasks have been widely documented in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of working memory load in impulsivity during decision-making processes. A delayed discounting (DD) paradigm was used, comparing children with ADHD and age matched controls. Method Thirty-two children equally divided with typical development or ADHD between 8 and 10 years of age were assigned to sessions of a dual-task paradigm. The first task was a forced dual choice between different amount of moneys at different time delay, while the second task was the repetition of a random series of digits with different lengths. Results Compared to peers with typical development, delayed discounting was significantly stronger in children with ADHD and for heavier memory load conditions. Furthermore, the memory load impact was stronger in children with ADHD compared to children with typical development. Discussion Results are discussed in terms of the relation between working memory load and decision-making processes.

Increased Working Memory Load in a Dual-Task Design Impairs Nonverbal Social Encoding in Children with High and Low Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms

Child Psychiatry & Human Development ◽

10.1007/s10578-019-00915-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 127-137

Author(s):

Dane C. Hilton ◽

Matthew A. Jarrett ◽

Ana T. Rondon ◽

Josh Tutek ◽

Mazheruddin M. Mulla

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Dual Task ◽

Memory Load ◽

Task Design ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Visual Search Facilitation in Repeated Displays Depends on Visuospatial Working Memory

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000125 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Angela A. Manginelli ◽

Franziska Geringswald ◽

Stefan Pollmann

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Visual Search ◽

Control Experiment ◽

Memory Load ◽

Contextual Cueing ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Visuospatial Working Memory ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Memory Resources

When distractor configurations are repeated over time, visual search becomes more efficient, even if participants are unaware of the repetition. This contextual cueing is a form of incidental, implicit learning. One might therefore expect that contextual cueing does not (or only minimally) rely on working memory resources. This, however, is debated in the literature. We investigated contextual cueing under either a visuospatial or a nonspatial (color) visual working memory load. We found that contextual cueing was disrupted by the concurrent visuospatial, but not by the color working memory load. A control experiment ruled out that unspecific attentional factors of the dual-task situation disrupted contextual cueing. Visuospatial working memory may be needed to match current display items with long-term memory traces of previously learned displays.

Age, Working Memory Load, and the Extraction of Distance in a Real-World Environment

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e502412013-308 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel A. Gajewski ◽

Courtney P. Wallin ◽

John W. Philbeck

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Real World ◽

Memory Load ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

World Environment

Examining the Influence of a Spatially Irrelevant Working Memory Load on Attentional Allocation

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e502412013-408 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Gerald P. McDonnell ◽

Michael D. Dodd

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Memory Load ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Attentional Allocation

Effects of Working Memory Load on Lemma Retrieval

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e512682013-176 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Belke ◽

Lisa Gieselmann

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Memory Load ◽

Working Memory Load

A high working memory load eliminates the numerical distance effect

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e520592012-617 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Erin A. Maloney ◽

Evan F. Risko ◽

Derek Besner ◽

Jonathan A. Fugelsang

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Memory Load ◽

Distance Effect ◽

Numerical Distance ◽

Working Memory Load ◽

Numerical Distance Effect