The UL41 gene product (vhs) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is packaged in the virion, and mediates host protein synthesis shutoff at the early stage of the virus replication cycle. In order to clarify the role of vhs in virus replication and virulence, we isolated a completely UL41-deficient mutant (the VRΔ41 strain) and its revertant (the VRΔ41R strain). In the mouse encephalitis model, the replication of strain VRΔ41 was inhibited after 2 days post-infection, resulting in low virulence, by γ-ray-sensitive cells such as lymphocytes and/or neutrophils. The result suggested that some cytokines, produced in VRΔ41-inoculated brains, activate and induce the migration of γ-ray-sensitive cells to the infection site. Therefore, cytokines produced by HSV-1-infected human cells were screened, and potent inductions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α by VRΔ41 infection were observed. Moreover, the VRΔ41 strain showed 20- and 5-fold higher sensitivity to interferon-α and -β compared to the wild-type strain, respectively. These results indicate that one important role of vhs in vivo is evasion from non-specific host defence mechanisms during primary infection through suppression of cytokine production in HSV-infected cells and reduction of the anti-HSV activity of interferon-α and -β.
Associations of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles frequency with prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and diseases across global populations: Implication for the development of an universal CD8+ T-cell epitope-based vaccine