Abstract
Background
An alternative to the current gold standard in operative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures using plate osteosynthesis, is internal fixation by means of an intramedullary fixation device. These devices differ considerably in their specifications and characteristics and an adequate evaluation of their clinical results is warranted.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted to identify all papers reporting functional outcomes, union rates and/or complications using an intramedullary fixation device for the management of midshaft clavicle fractures. Multiple databases were searched from inception until January 2018. Meta-analysis was conducted based on functional outcomes and type of complication per type of intramedullary fixation device. Pooled estimates of functional outcomes scores and incidence of complications were calculated using a random effects model.
Results
Fifty-eight studies were included in this systematic review. The majority of studies report on the use of Titanium Elastic Nails (TEN). At 12 months follow up the titanium elastic nail and Sonoma CRx report an average Constant-Murley score of 94.2 (96%CI 93.2-95.3) and 93.4 (95%CI 92.1-94.7) respectively. The most common reported complications after intramedullary fixation are implant-related and implant-specific. For the TEN, hardware irritation and protrusion, telescoping or migration, with a reported pooled incidence of 20% (95%CI 14-27) and 13% (95%CI 9-20), are major contributors to the total complication rate. For the Rockwood/Hagie Pin, hardware irritation is identified as the most common complication with 21% (95%CI 11-35). The most common complication for the Sonoma CRx was cosmetic dissatisfaction in 7% (95%CI 2-22) of cases.
Conclusion
Although most studies were of low quality, in general, good functional results and union rates irrespective of the type of device are found in the reviewed literature. However, there are clear device-related and device-specific complications for each. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis can help guide surgeons in choosing the appropriate operative strategy, implant and informing their patient.