The unequal commute: Comparing commuting patterns across income and racial worker subgroups

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110688
Author(s):  
Yujie Hu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analytics ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Choropleth Mapping ◽  
Household Dynamics ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Commuting Patterns

The spatial dimension of the journey-to-work has important implications for land use and development policymaking and has been widely studied. One thrust of this research is concerned with the disaggregation of workers into subgroups for understanding disparities in commute. Most of these studies, however, were limited to the disaggregation by single socioeconomic class. Hence, this research aims to examine commuting disparities across commuter subgroups stratified by two socioeconomic variables—income and race—using a visual analytics approach. By applying the doubly constrained spatial interaction model to the 2014 Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics data, this research first synthesizes commuting flows for Downtown Houston workers across income-race subgroups at the tract level in Harris County, Texas, USA. It then uses bivariate choropleth mapping to visualize the spatial distributions of major Downtown Houston commuter neighborhoods by income-race classes, and significant commuting disparities are identified across income-race subgroups. The results highlight the importance of considering income and race simultaneously for commuting research. The visualization could help policymakers clearly identify the unequal commute across worker subgroups and inform policymaking.

Modeling Commuting Flows via Fixed Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1225-1237
Author(s):  
Sahar Babri ◽  
Kurt Jörnsten ◽  
Inge Thorsen ◽  
Jan Ubøe
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Trip Distribution ◽  
Entropy Maximization ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Job Location

The basic, reasonable hypothesis underlying this paper is that many individuals are comfortable with their current combination of job and residential location and have no intention of changing job location or moving from where they live. This causes autocorrelation in the time series of commuting flows and provides a rationale for introducing fixed components in the trip distribution model. The fixed components are assumed to be constant in time and separated from the observed trip distribution. We next consider the residuals and fit the model by a constrained entropy-maximization procedure. Based on commuting data from Stockholm County in Sweden, the fixed component spatial interaction model is demonstrated to lead to a substantial improvement in goodness of fit compared with conventional spatial interaction models. The identification of fixed components leads to significantly lower estimates of the distance deterrence parameter, and fixed components are further argued to be potentially useful in a prediction perspective. The distance deterrence parameter in the fixed component model reflects the spatial interaction of workers who are actually considering changes in their residential and/or job location. We also compare alternative measures of spatial separation and discuss differences in commuting behaviour by gender.

scholarly journals Travelling to services in the daily urban system of Olomouc

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marián Halás ◽  
Veronika Zuskáčová
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Questionnaire Research ◽  
Work Commuting

Abstract The service sector is quite broad: it includes basic services for the population as well as highly sophisticated services, public as well as commercial services, etc. Commuting to services is one of the fundamental regional processes and together with work commuting it creates an entry basis for the construction of socalled catchment, or nodal regions which should be crucial in the construction of an administrative division of a country. The main objective of this paper is to identify a selected group of spatial interaction in the daily urban system of Olomouc, i.e. in a region dominated by work commuting to the city of Olomouc. More specifically, the paper deals with the interaction of commuting to a wide range of services of non-commercial (social) as well as of commercial character in two hierarchical levels - local and micro-regional. Based on the data obtained by the method of questionnaire research from local leaders (mayors) we analysed the mobility of people to primary and secondary schools, hospitals, shops, culture and sport. As far as the retail network is concerned, the analysis of spatial differentiation of the catchment area to three large department stores was made for villages in Olomouc hinterland. Individual catchment regions for specific services were constructed by a verified method based on commuting flows. Synthetic evaluation contains an identification of so-called complex service regions in the daily urban system of Olomouc. In comparison with our previous studies we tried to describe basic trends in service infrastructure and changes in travelling to services.

Comments on the Urban Spatial-Interaction Model Based on the Intervening-Opportunities Principle

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Chudzyńska ◽  
Z Słodkowski
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Interaction Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Number Of Equilibria ◽  
Intervening Opportunities

A mathematical model of urban spatial interaction based on the intervening-opportunities principle is discussed and its equilibria are studied. It is shown that, under natural assumptions, the number of equilibria is finite, and a mathematical criterion for distinguishing the equilibrium corresponding to reality is given.

scholarly journals Visualizing aggregate movement in cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1753) ◽  
pp. 20170236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Batty
Keyword(s):  
Choice Theory ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Generic Class ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Short Time

We argue here that despite the focus in cities on location and place, it is increasingly clear that a requisite understanding of how cities evolve and change depends on a thorough understanding of human movements at aggregate scales where we can observe emergent patterns in networks and flow systems. We argue that the location of activities must be understood as summations or syntheses of movements or flows, with a much clearer link between flows, activities and the networks that carry and support them. To this end, we introduce a generic class of models that enable aggregated flows of many different kinds of social and economic activity, ranging from the journey to work to email traffic, to be predicted using ideas from discrete choice theory in economics which has analogies to gravitation. We also argue that visualization is an essential construct in making sense of flows but that there are important limitations to illustrating pictorially systems with millions of component parts. To demonstrate these, we introduce a class of generic spatial interaction models and present two illustrations. Our first application is based on transit flows within the high-frequency city over very short time periods of minutes and hours for data from the London Underground. Our second application scales up these models from districts and cities to the nation, and we demonstrate how flows of people from home to work and vice versa define cities and related settlements at much coarser scales. We contrast this approach with more disaggregate, individual studies of flow systems in cities that we consider an essential complement to the ideas presented here. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour’.

scholarly journals Adaptive Choropleth Mapper: An Open-Source Web-Based Tool for Synchronous Exploration of Multiple Variables at Multiple Spatial Extents

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han ◽  
Rey ◽  
Knaap ◽  
Kang ◽  
Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Visual Analytics ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Choropleth Mapping ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Choropleth Map

Choropleth mapping is an essential visualization technique for exploratory spatial data analysis. Visualizing multiple choropleth maps is a technique that spatial analysts use to reveal spatiotemporal patterns of one variable or to compare the geographical distributions of multiple variables. Critical features for effective exploration of multiple choropleth maps are (1) automated computation of the same class intervals for shading different choropleth maps, (2) dynamic visualization of local variation in a variable, and (3) linking for synchronous exploration of multiple choropleth maps. Since the 1990s, these features have been developed and are now included in many commercial geographic information system (GIS) software packages. However, many choropleth mapping tools include only one or two of the three features described above. On the other hand, freely available mapping tools that support side-by-side multiple choropleth map visualizations are usually desktop software only. As a result, most existing tools supporting multiple choropleth-map visualizations cannot be easily integrated with Web-based and open-source data visualization libraries, which have become mainstream in visual analytics and geovisualization. To fill this gap, we introduce an open-source Web-based choropleth mapping tool called the Adaptive Choropleth Mapper (ACM), which combines the three critical features for flexible choropleth mapping.

Research on Flow Capturing Location of Commercial Complex Based on Double Design Variable Constraint

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 2525-2529
Author(s):  
Bo Yuan ◽  
Zhi Xia Zhang ◽  
Jian Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Commercial Real Estate ◽  
Location Model ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Average Running Time

Due to the complicated development process, larger operation difficulty, higher development costs of the commercial real estate, the location selection problem is critical to project success or failure. Based on the location variables and design variables as decision variables, the design variables are expanded as double factors variables, combining the spatial interaction model combined with the greedy algorithm, competitive environment of commercial complex intercepting location model is built. Combined with a practical example, the validity of the model for commercial complex location is verified, the average running time is compared between the heuristic algorithms and the enumeration method, the results show that: commercial complex intercepting location model can quickly and effectively locate the commercial facilities, and provide a theoretical basis for locating commercial complex construction projects.

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