Hello Darkness, My Old Friend: A Tutorial of Nanda-Hamner Protocols
Plants and animals use circadian and photoperiodic timekeeping mechanisms to respond to daily and seasonal changes in light:dark and appropriately coordinate their development. Although the mechanisms that may connect the circadian and photoperiodic clock are still unclear in many species, researchers have been using Nanda-Hamner protocols for decades to elucidate how seasonal time is measured and determine whether seasonal responses have a circadian basis in a given species. In this brief tutorial we describe how to design and interpret the results of Nanda-Hamner experiments, and provide suggestions on how to use both Nanda-Hamner protocols and modern molecular experiments to better understand the mechanisms of seasonal timekeeping.
2002 ◽
Vol 76
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pp. 237-245
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1990 ◽
Vol 79
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pp. 7-14
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1958 ◽
Vol 1
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pp. 494-496
2012 ◽
Vol 3
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pp. 540-541
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Vol 103
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pp. 828-832
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