Disproportionate Minority Contact

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Fix ◽  
Melissa A. Cyperski ◽  
Barry R. Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Disproportionate Minority Contact ◽  
Sexual Offenses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system relative to their population percentage, a phenomenon termed disproportionate minority contact, has been examined within general adult and adolescent offender populations; yet few studies have tested whether this phenomenon extends to juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). In addition, few studies have examined whether offender race/ethnicity influences registration and notification requirements, which JSOs are subject to in some U.S. states. The present study assessed for disproportionate minority contact among general delinquent offenders and JSOs, meaning it aimed to test whether the criminal justice system treats those accused of sexual and non-sexual offenses differently by racial/ethnic group. Furthermore, racial/ethnic group differences in risk, legal classification, and sexual offending were examined for JSOs. Results indicated disproportionate minority contact was present among juveniles with non-sexual offenses and JSOs in Alabama. In addition, offense category and risk scores differed between African American and European American JSOs. Finally, registration classifications were predicted by offending characteristics, but not race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions regarding disproportionate minority contact among JSOs and social and legal policy affecting JSOs are discussed.

Cumulative Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Potentially Capital Cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249
Author(s):  
Nick Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Multiple Stages

To understand how racial/ethnic disparities are formed and sustained within death penalty institutions, this study tracks homicide cases through multiple stages of Los Angeles County’s criminal justice system. Drawing upon cumulative disadvantage research, this study focuses on the accumulation of racial/ethnic biases across multiple decision-making points. Logistic regressions seek to answer the following questions: (1) does victim/defendant race/ethnicity influence prosecutorial decision-making? and (2) if so, do these racial/ethnic disparities accumulate across multiple stages of the criminal justice system? Results indicate that cases with minority victims are less likely to involve a death-eligible charge or death notice. Moreover, these racial/ethnic disparities increase as cases advance through the courts, producing a Whiter pool of victims at later stages in the process. Defendant race/ethnicity is not predictive of death penalty charging decisions but does moderate the influence of victim race/ethnicity such that cases with minority defendants and White victims are treated more punitively.

Patterns and predictors of reoffending among child sexual offenders: a rapid evidence assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dowling ◽  
Hayley Boxall
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Child Sexual Offenders

A rapid evidence assessment was conducted to provide an updated review of reoffending research on child sexual offenders from January 2010 to March 2020. Thirty-three studies examining 55 independent samples of adult and juvenile child sexual offenders were reviewed. Across most studies, rates of sexual reoffending were 15 percent or less, and rates of general reoffending were between 20 and 54 percent. The evidence suggests that the cumulative likelihood of both general and sexual reoffending increases until about two to four years after contact with the criminal justice system, then stabilises. Escalation from non-contact to contact sexual offending is not common. Finally, the evidence suggests that juveniles are more likely to reoffend sexually and generally than adults.

scholarly journals Out-Group Animus and Punitiveness in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1161-1189
Author(s):  
Peter S. Lehmann ◽  
Cecilia Chouhy ◽  
Alexa J. Singer ◽  
Jessica N. Stevens ◽  
Marc Gertz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
The Social ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The social threat perspective anticipates that members of racial/ethnic out-groups might be perceived as socially, politically, or economically threatening; criminally inclined; and in need of social control via the criminal justice system. In light of this framework, the current study examines the influence of out-group animus on punitive sentiments in the rarely explored context of Latin America. Data from the 2012 AmericasBarometer survey collected in nine countries ( N = 15,145) are analyzed, and the findings indicate that animus against foreigners, Blacks, and the Indigenous is positively associated with support for punitive measures. These results lend support for the social threat perspective and provide further evidence that this relationship might be a cultural universal in societies characterized by racial/ethnic conflict.

Commentary on Alexander (1993)

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-390
Author(s):  
SETH C. KALICHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sexually Violent

This commentary on Alexander's article concerning civil commitment of sex offenders concludes that the failure of the mental health sciences to define the psychosexual pathology of sexually violent adults has resulted in an inability to address these disturbances in the criminal justice system. This situation will likely contribute to the social threats posed by sexual offenders. It is suggested that researchers work to establish the mental illness parameters of sexual violence.

Time, Money, and Punishment: Institutional Racial-Ethnic Inequalities in Pretrial Detention and Case Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 837-863
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Martinez ◽  
Nick Petersen ◽  
Marisa Omori
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Pretrial Detention ◽  
Ethnic Stratification ◽  
Racial Ethnic

While prior research finds that pretrial detention has downstream consequences for racial inequalities in conviction and sentencing, it is often conceptualized as a discrete event within the criminal justice system. This study instead argues that pretrial detention operates as a racial-ethnic stratification process across time. We assess whether temporal and monetary dimensions of pretrial produce and reinforce racial-ethnic disparities in pretrial and subsequent case outcomes. Results indicate that time and money significantly stratify defendants by race and ethnicity, where bond amounts increase time detained, and that time detained in turn reinforces racial inequalities in conviction and incarceration. Indicative of cumulative understandings of inequality, our study shows how time and money in pretrial detention perpetuate inequalities in the criminal justice system.

8. Ethnicities, racism, crime, and criminal justice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coretta Phillips ◽  
Ben Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Minority Ethnic ◽  
Conflictual Relationship

Offending, victimization, policing, the work of the courts, and imprisonment are patterned by differences between different ethnic groups. This chapter explores these long-standing patterns and critically examines the reasons for the often uneasy and conflictual relationship between minority ethnic groups and agents of the criminal justice system. It also interrogates new manifestations of ethnic patterns in crime and the administration of justice, particularly those linked to the global issues of controlling migration and terrorism. Finally, the chapter considers how criminological scholarship has developed in this subfield of race, ethnicity, and crime.

Sex Offenders

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Li-Wen G. Lee ◽  
Heather Ellis Cucolo ◽  
Jeremy Colley
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Sex Offender ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Sex Offender Registration ◽  
Legal Challenges

Chapter 28 includes cases related to the diagnosis and treatment of sexual offenders in the criminal justice system. Forensic practitioners may treat these individuals as part of their clinical work or may evaluate them to determine suitability for civil commitment upon release from prison or appropriateness for return to the community. The cases in this chapter are Specht v. Patterson, Allen v. Illinois, In re Young and Cunningham, Kansas v. Hendricks, McCune v. Lile, Kansas v. Crane and U.S. v. Comstock. The new cases (Does #1-5 v. Snyder and Millard v. Rankin)add a focus on legal challenges associated with sex offender registration.

Sex Offenders

2014 ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
Li-wen G. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Civil Commitment ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Release From Prison

Chapter 28 includes cases related to the diagnosis and treatment of sexual offenders in the criminal justice system. Forensic practitioners may treat these individuals as part of their clinical work or may evaluate them to determine suitability for civil commitment upon release from prison or appropriateness for return to the community. The cases in this chapter are Specht v. Patterson, Allen v. Illinois, In re Young and Cunningham, Kansas v. Hendricks, McKune v. Lile, Kansas v. Crane, and U.S. v. Comstock.

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