Longitudinal changes in Scores on the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI-R) in pre-school children with autism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in an Iranian population to determine its efficacy in identifying children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who parents have Persian-speaking parents. Design/methodology/approach A case–control study was performed in March until July 2020 in Hamadan city, Iran. The case group was children were examined by the clinicians used a coding scheme based on the DSM-IV criteria for ASD. The control group was all children in the family, including healthy siblings, were asked to participate in the study. The reliability, content and face validity were performed to assess the psychometric properties of the tool. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the four-dimensional structure of the tool (Scores A, B, C and D). Statistical analysis was performed using AMOS for SPSS 21, and the statistical significant level was less than 0.05. Findings The quantitative content validity analysis revealed that the mean of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for all domains was 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. For CFA, four domains A, B, C and D were used and demonstrated a good fit (CFI = 0.92 and RMSEA = 0.06). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in domains A, B (verbal), C and D were 100%. For domain B (non-verbal), the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 86.7%, 100%, 100% and 88.2%, respectively. Research limitations/implications This study showed that ADI-R has sufficient ability to discriminate between children with ASD and those with no psychiatric diagnosis, and it is a reliable tool in Iran. The sensitivity and specificity for correctly diagnosing ASD was high, regardless of the age and cognitive level of the examiner. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper on psychometric properties of ADI-R in children with ASD.

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Stability of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised from Pre-School to Elementary School Age in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders ◽

10.1007/s10803-007-0487-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1081-1091 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Jo Moss ◽

Iliana Magiati ◽

Tony Charman ◽

Patricia Howlin

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

School Age ◽

Elementary School Age ◽

Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽

Spectrum Disorders

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Adapting and validating the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised for use with deaf children and young people

Autism ◽

10.1177/13623613211029116 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136236132110291

Author(s):

Barry Wright ◽

Helen Phillips ◽

Victoria Allgar ◽

Jennifer Sweetman ◽

Rachel Hodkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Expert Panel ◽

Diagnostic Algorithm ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Deaf Children ◽

Clinical Assessments ◽

Autism Diagnostic Interview

A Delphi consensus methodology was used to adapt the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised for the assessment of deaf children with suspected autism spectrum disorder. Each Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised item was considered by a panel of nine international experts in terms of relevance and acceptability. Modifications were proposed and agreed by the expert panel for 45% of items. The pre-specified criterion for agreement between experts was set at 80% for each item. A first validation of the revised version, adapted for deaf children (Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation), was undertaken with a UK sample of 78 parents/carers of deaf children with autism spectrum disorder and 126 parents/carers with deaf children without autism spectrum disorder. When compared to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline standard clinical assessments, the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation diagnostic algorithm cut-off/threshold scores achieved a sensitivity of 89% (79%–96%) and specificity of 81% (70%–89%) for autism spectrum disorder. The alpha coefficients for each algorithm symptom domain ranged from 0.80 to 0.91, suggesting that the items had high internal consistency. Our findings indicate that the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation is likely to be a useful measure for the assessment of deaf children with suspected autism spectrum disorder, although further research is needed. Lay abstract Autism assessment processes need to improve for deaf children as they are currently being diagnosed later than their hearing counterparts and misdiagnosis can occur. We took one of the most commonly used parent developmental interviews for autism spectrum disorder the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised and adapted it using international expert advice. Modifications were proposed and agreed by the expert panel for 45% of items; the remaining 55% of items were unchanged. We then tested the revised version, adapted for deaf children (Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation), in a UK sample of 78 parents/carers of deaf children with autism spectrum disorder and 126 parents/carers with deaf children without autism spectrum disorder. When compared to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline standard clinical assessments, the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation diagnostic algorithm threshold scores could identify those deaf children with a definite diagnosis (true autism spectrum disorder positives) well (sensitivity of 89% (79%–96%)) and those deaf children who did not have autism spectrum disorder (true autism spectrum disorder negatives) well (specificity of 81% (70%–89%)). Our findings indicate that the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised Deaf Adaptation is likely to prove a useful measure for the assessment of deaf children with suspected autism spectrum disorder and that further research would be helpful.

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Validity of the social communication questionnaire with the autism diagnostic interview – revised and autism diagnostic observation schedule in children with autism spectrum disorders: A Singapore sample

Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence ◽

10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.04.476 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. S216

Author(s):

W.W. Lai ◽

T.J. Goh ◽

M. Sung ◽

S.G. Rozen

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽

Social Communication ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽

The Social ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Autism Diagnostic Observation

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Identifying children with autism spectrum disorders in Iran using the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised

Autism ◽

10.1177/1362361320974558 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 136236132097455

Author(s):

Sayyed Ali Samadi ◽

Roy McConkey ◽

Ameneh Mahmoodizadeh

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Assessment Instruments ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽

Iranian Children

The assessment instruments for diagnosing children with autism spectrum disorder have been developed mostly in affluent, English-speaking countries. Among the most popular has been the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised. This article reports its use in Iran with the dual aims of confirming the factor structure of the revised Autism Diagnostic Interview when used to assess Iranian children for autism spectrum disorder and to identify the algorithms that best distinguish children with autism spectrum disorder from those who are developing typically and from those with intellectual disability. Study 1 contrasted the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised ratings given to 420 children with autism spectrum disorder from those of 110 typically developing children. In Study 2, the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised ratings of 720 children with autism spectrum disorder were compared with those of 172 children with intellectual disability, and from those with intellectual disability. Exploratory factor analyses identified one main factor that merged the social interaction and communication items of Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, but replicated the repetitive behaviour and verbal factors. Receiver operating characteristic analyses identified suitable cut-off points on the revised factor scores. Also, the age at which symptoms became apparent increased the sensitivity of the algorithm in distinguishing children with autism spectrum disorder from those with intellectual disability. These findings are in line with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), recommendations and suggest a commonality in autism spectrum disorder presentations across different nations. The methodology used in this research could guide similar adaptations of assessment instruments for use in other cultures. Lay abstract The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is a challenging task. Most of the current assessment scales have been developed in the West. The present study examines the applicability of one of the most used scales (the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised) in a Middle-Eastern culture. Two studies were undertaken. In the first, the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised ratings given to 420 children with autism spectrum disorder, aged 4–11 years, and 110 typically developing children were contrasted. In Study 2, the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised ratings of 720 children with autism spectrum disorder were compared with those of 172 children with intellectual disabilities to find out whether the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised scale would discriminate between these two types of developmental disabilities. The studies confirmed the acceptability of the scale to Iranian parents and assessors. However, the summary scores used to determine whether a child was likely to have autism spectrum disorder were recalculated on the two domains of social communication and repetitive behaviours, which were identified in the statistical analyses that are recommended for the evaluation of assessment scales. Thus the translated scale with the modified domain scoring proved very suitable for identifying Iranian children with autism spectrum disorder. Having a common tool such as Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised will strengthen the opportunities to undertake cross-cultural research into the impact of autism spectrum disorder on the child and families.

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