Glances That Matter: Applying Quantile Regression to Assess Driver Distraction from Off-Road Glances

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1954-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Yuan Liu ◽  
John D. Lee ◽  
Ja Young Lee ◽  
Vindhya Venkatraman
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
System Delay ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Text Length ◽  
Task Features ◽  
Conditional Means

This study assessed whether quantile regression can identify design specifications that lead to particularly long glances, which might go unnoticed with traditional analyses focusing on conditional means of off-road glances. Although substantial research indicates that long glances contribute disproportionately to crash risk, few studies have directly assessed the tails of the distribution. Failing to examine the distribution tails might underestimate the disproportionate risk on long glances imposed by secondary tasks. We applied quantile regression to assess the effects of secondary task type (reading or entry), system delay (delay or no delay), and text length (long or short) on off-road glance duration at 15th, 50th, and 85th quantiles. The results show that entry task, long text, and some combinations of variables led to longer glances than that would be expected given the central tendency of glance distributions. Quantile regression identifies secondary task features that produce long glances, which might be neglected by traditional analyses with conditional means.

Measuring Distraction: Task Duration and the Lane-Change Test (LCT)

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (22) ◽  
pp. 1980-1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Burns ◽  
Patricia L. Trbovich ◽  
Tara McCurdie ◽  
Joanne L. Harbluk
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Lane Change Test

Considerable research activity (e.g., HASTE, CAMP, ADAM projects) is currently focused on producing protocols for assessing the distraction potential of in-vehicle tasks and devices. The Lane Change Test (LCT) is a relatively simple and low cost standardized test scenario designed for measuring driver distraction. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the LCT's ability to discriminate between different secondary tasks with different levels of workload. The LCT was used to assess the driving performance of twenty-one drivers while they performed typical navigation tasks, Point of Interest (POI) Entry and Destination Entry, each with a low and high workload version. The experimental set up included a steering wheel, foot pedals, monitor, computer and navigation system, all off the shelf. The results indicated that the LCT is a sensitive measure of driver distraction. The participants showed greater mean deviation in lane change path when driving while performing a secondary task (i.e., calibration and navigation tasks) than when driving without performing a secondary task (i.e., baseline). When driving while performing secondary tasks, drivers showed differences in lane change path deviations as a function task type and task complexity. These differences were also reflected in participants mean task time to complete the secondary tasks. The present research provides evidence that the LCT metric of lane change path deviations discriminates between different types and complexity levels of secondary tasks, and that these differences are a function of time taken to complete the secondary tasks.

Crash and Near-Crash Risk Assessment of Distracted Driving and Engagement in Secondary Tasks: A Naturalistic Driving Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (38) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Bakhit ◽  
BeiBei Guo ◽  
Sherif Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Real World ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Naturalistic Driving

Distracted driving behavior is a perennial safety concern that affects not only the vehicle’s occupants but other road users as well. Distraction is typically caused by engagement in secondary tasks and activities such as manipulating objects and passenger interaction, among many others. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the increased crash/near-crash risk associated with different secondary tasks using the largest real-world naturalistic driving dataset (SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study). Several statistical and data-mining techniques were developed to analyze the distracted driving and crash risk. First, a bivariate probit model was constructed to investigate the relationship between engagement in a secondary task and the safety-critical events likelihood. Subsequently, two different techniques were implemented to quantify the increased crash/near-crash risk because of involvement in a particular secondary task. The first technique used the baseline-category logits model to estimate the increased crash risk in terms of conditional odds ratios. The second technique used the a priori association rule mining algorithm to reveal the risk associated with each secondary task in terms of support, confidence, and lift indexes. The results indicate that reaching for objects, manipulating objects, reading, and cell phone texting are the highest crash risk factors among various secondary tasks. Recognizing the effect of different secondary tasks on traffic safety in a real-world environment helps legislators enact laws that reduce crashes resulting from distracted driving, as well as enabling government officials to make informed decisions about the allocation of available resources to reduce roadway crashes and improve traffic safety.

Systematic Review of Research on Driver Distraction in the Context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110041
Author(s):  
Apoorva P. Hungund ◽  
Ganesh Pai ◽  
Anuj K. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Assistance Systems

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) promise improved driving performance and safety. With ADAS taking on more vehicle control tasks, the driver’s role may be reduced to that of passive supervision. This in turn may increase drivers’ engagement in non-driving-related tasks, thereby potentially reducing any promised safety benefit. We conducted a systematic review, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to study the relationship between ADAS use and driver distraction. Four research questions were addressed—two questions examined the effect of ADAS on secondary task engagement, and the quality of secondary task performance, and two addressed the effects of ADAS on driver attention and on driver behavior changes caused by secondary task engagement. Twenty-nine papers were selected for full text synthesis. The majority of the papers indicate an association between ADAS and increased secondary task engagement, as well as improved secondary task performance. Ten papers reported that drivers tend to divert their attention to secondary tasks and away from driving tasks. These outcomes highlight the continued importance of the role of the human driver despite vehicle automation, especially in the context of driver distraction, and that user understanding of ADAS functionalities and limitations is essential to appropriate and effective use of these systems.

scholarly journals What are Australian drivers doing behind the wheel? An overview of secondary task data from the Australian Naturalistic Driving Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie Young ◽  
Rachel Osborne ◽  
Sjaan Koppel ◽  
Judith Charlton ◽  
Raphael Grzebieta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Mobile Phone Use ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Naturalistic Driving ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Australian Naturalistic Driving Study (ANDS), this study examined patterns of secondary task engagement (e.g., mobile phone use, manipulating centre stack controls) during everyday driving trips to determine the type and duration of secondary task engaged in. Safety-related incidents associated with secondary task engagement were also examined. Results revealed that driver engagement in secondary tasks was frequent, with drivers engaging in one or more secondary tasks every 96 seconds, on average. However, drivers were more likely to initiate engagement in secondary tasks when the vehicle was stationary, suggesting that drivers do self-regulate the timing of task engagement to a certain degree. There was also evidence that drivers modified their engagement in a way suggestive of limiting their exposure to risk by engaging in some secondary tasks for shorter periods when the vehicle was moving compared to when it was stationary. Despite this, almost six percent of secondary tasks events were associated with a safety-related incident. The findings will be useful in targeting distraction countermeasures and policies and determining the effectiveness of these in managing driver distraction.

Prevalence of Engagement in Single versus Multiple Types of Secondary Tasks: Results from the Naturalistic Engagement in Secondary Task (NEST) Dataset

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (37) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Risteska ◽  
Birsen Donmez ◽  
Huei-Yen W. Chen ◽  
Miti Modi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Environmental Demand ◽  
Task Types ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Single Versus

We investigated engagement in single vs. multiple types of secondary tasks in distraction-affected, safety-critical events (SCEs), i.e., crashes/near-crashes, and baselines reported in the Naturalistic Engagement in Secondary Tasks (NEST) dataset. NEST was created from Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) data for studying distractions in detail. Early descriptive analysis on NEST found that most distraction-affected SCE and baseline epochs (10 s long) include more than one type of secondary task, suggesting that a considerable number of drivers may be engaging in multiple secondary activities within a relatively short time frame, potentially being exposed to increased demands brought on by multi-tasking and task-switching. We conducted inferential statistics on NEST focusing on engagement in single vs. multiple types of tasks across SCEs and baselines. A logit model was built to compare the odds of engaging in single vs. multiple types of tasks with the following predictors: event type (SCE, baseline), environmental demand, GPS speed, and driver age. The last three predictors were included to capture the driving demands experienced, which may have impacted drivers’ task engagement behavior. Odds of engagement in multiple types of secondary tasks was higher in SCEs than baselines. Furthermore, with marginal statistical significance, drivers 65 years and over were less likely to engage in multiple types of secondary tasks than younger drivers. Overall, engagement in multiple secondary task types is more prevalent in SCEs. Most crash risk studies to date have reported the effects associated with one type of secondary task. However, it appears that these effects may be confounded by the presence of other secondary tasks.

The Effects of Telematics on Driver Distraction

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 1868-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Siebert ◽  
Mustapha Mouloua ◽  
Kendra Burns ◽  
Jennifer Marino ◽  
Lora Scagliola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Cellular Phones ◽  
Driver Safety ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Simulated Driving Task

This study used both cellular phones and analogue radio to measure driver distraction and workload in a low fidelity driving simulator. Thirty-four participants performed a simulated driving task while using either a cell phone or a radio in conjunction with a secondary task assessing their spare attentional capacity. The results showed that more lane deviations were made during the cell phone and radio tuning use than both of the pre-allocation and Post-allocation phases. The secondary task errors were also higher during both the cell phone and radio tuning allocation phase than the pre-allocation and post-allocation phases. These findings indicate the greater workload load levels associated with the use of telemetric devices. These findings have major implications for driver safety and telemetric systems design.

scholarly journals The effects of age on crash risk associated with driver distraction

2016 ◽  
pp. dyw234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Guo ◽  
Sheila G Klauer ◽  
Youjia Fang ◽  
Jonathan M Hankey ◽  
Jonathan F Antin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Crash Risk

scholarly journals Effects of valent image-based secondary tasks on verbal working memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1440-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip L Morgan ◽  
Craig Williams ◽  
Fay M Ings ◽  
Nia C Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
International Affective Picture System ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Task Interruption ◽  
Lower Valence

Two experiments examined if exposure to emotionally valent image-based secondary tasks introduced at different points of a free recall working memory (WM) task impair memory performance. Images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) varied in the degree of negative or positive valance (mild, moderate, strong) and were positioned at low, moderate and high WM load points with participants rating them based upon perceived valence. As predicted, and based on previous research and theory, the higher the degree of negative (Experiment 1) and positive (Experiment 2) valence and the higher the WM load when a secondary task was introduced, the greater the impairment to recall. Secondary task images with strong negative valance were more disruptive than negative images with lower valence at moderate and high WM load task points involving encoding and/or rehearsal of primary task words (Experiment 1). This was not the case for secondary tasks involving positive images (Experiment 2), although participant valence ratings for positive IAPS images classified as moderate and strong were in fact very similar. Implications are discussed in relation to research and theory on task interruption and attentional narrowing and literature concerning the effects of emotive stimuli on cognition.

The prevalence of and crash risk associated with primarily cognitive secondary tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Dingus ◽  
Justin M. Owens ◽  
Feng Guo ◽  
Youjia Fang ◽  
Miguel Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Secondary Tasks

Influência da demanda atencional e instrução no teste levantar, caminhar e sentar

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno R. Leite ◽  
Sandra R. Alouche ◽  
Jéssica P. Estevam ◽  
Samara M. Abdouni ◽  
Sandra M.S.F. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Concurrent Tasks ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm

Abstract: The activities of standing, walking and sitting performed in association with other tasks (e.g., holding an object) are very common in our everyday lives. The performance of these concurrent tasks may require greater attentional demand. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of young healthy adults on the "Timed Up and Go" (TUG) test on the dual task paradigm. Twelve young adults performed the TUG test in four conditions: a) no secondary task; b) with a task of holding a tube with both hands without defined attentional focus; c) holding the tube with internal attentional focus (i.e., minimize the hands motion); and, d) holding the tube with external attentional focus (i.e., minimize the movement of a light from a laser pointer fixed to the tube which reflected on a target placed on the wall). A digital chronometer was used to record the time taken to complete the tests. The time spent in the conditions with secundary task relative to the original TUG test was also analyzed. The movement variability of the tube was assessed by recording the kinematics of markers placed on the lateral side of the tube. Analyses of variance were used to compare the total and relative time and tube variability across conditions. More time was necessary to complete the TUG test when specific instruction about the secondary task was given, mainly when related to the movement of the tube (external focus). However, the variability of the tube was also smallest in that condition. Therefore, the addition of a secondary task (holding a tube) affects the performance of TUG only when specific instructions on the attentional focus are given in particular about external effects of the secondary task.Key Words: Time up and Go test, dual task, attentional focus, secondary tasks.

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