scholarly journals Humeral Retrotorsion in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers With Throwing-Related Upper Extremity Injury History

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Myers ◽  
Sakiko Oyama ◽  
Terri Jo Rucinski ◽  
R. Alexander Creighton
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Lumbopelvic Control and the Development of Upper Extremity Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652098812
Author(s):  
Kevin Laudner ◽  
Regan Wong ◽  
Daniel Evans ◽  
Keith Meister
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background: The baseball-throwing motion requires a sequential order of motions and forces initiating in the lower limbs and transferring through the trunk and ultimately to the upper extremity. Any disruption in this sequence can increase the forces placed on subsequent segments. No research has examined if baseball pitchers with less lumbopelvic control are more likely to develop upper extremity injury than pitchers with more control. Purpose: To determine if baseball pitchers who sustain a chronic upper extremity injury have less lumbopelvic control before their injury compared with a group of pitchers who do not sustain an injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 49 asymptomatic, professional baseball pitchers from a single Major League Baseball organization participated. Lumbopelvic control was measured using an iPod-based digital level secured to a Velcro belt around each player’s waist to measure anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) deviations (degrees) during single-leg balance with movement and static bridge maneuvers. During a competitive season, 22 of these pitchers developed upper extremity injuries, while the remaining 27 sustained no injuries. Separate 2-tailed t-tests were run to determine if there were significant differences in lumbopelvic control between groups ( P < .05). Results: There were no significant between-group differences for the stride leg (nondominant) during the bridge test in either the AP ( P = .79) or the ML ( P = .42) directions, or either direction during the drive leg bridge test ( P > .68). However, the injured group had significantly less lumbopelvic control than the noninjured group during stride leg balance in both the AP ( P = .03) and the ML ( P = .001) directions and for drive leg balance in both the AP ( P = .01) and the ML ( P = .04) directions. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that baseball pitchers with diminished lumbopelvic control, particularly during stride leg and drive leg single-leg balance with movement, had more upper extremity injuries than those with more control. Clinicians should consider evaluating lumbopelvic control in injury prevention protocols and provide appropriate exercises for restoring lumbopelvic control before returning athletes to competition after injury. Specific attention should be given to testing and exercises that mimic a single-limb balance task.

scholarly journals Baseball Pitchers’ Kinematic Sequences and Their Relationship to Elbow and Shoulder Torque Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0042
Author(s):  
Donna Moxley Scarborough ◽  
Shannon E. Linderman ◽  
Javier E. Sanchez ◽  
Eric M. Berkson
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Ideal

Objectives: Ball velocity is generated during the overhead baseball pitch via efficient force transmission up the kinetic chain, from the lower body up and outward to the throwing hand. The kinematic sequence, or the sequential timing pattern of peak angular velocities of body segments during a pitch, provides insight to segment position and motion control that drives the kinetic chain (Putnam CA, 1993). Previous publications report an ideal kinematic sequence (KS) where the timing of each body segment’s peak angular velocity occurs in a proximal-to-distal (PDS) pattern resulting in greater ball velocity and reduction in throwing arm injury risk (Fortenbaugh D, et.al, 2009). A recent study revealed that baseball pitchers perform a variety of KSs (Scarborough DM et.al, 2018). There is no known investigation of the relationship of kinematic sequences and throwing arm joint torques. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify the number of different KSs performed by each pitcher and 2) compare elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation (ER) and extension (Ext) torques between the 3 primary KSs performed during the fastball pitch. Methods: Fourteen collegiate baseball pitchers (20.57 ± 1.91 yr) underwent 3D biomechanical pitch analysis using 20 motion-capture Vicon MX™ cameras (360 Hz). A total of 119 fastball pitches with an average of 8.5 ± 2.71 pitches per player were analyzed. Elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation and extension torques were calculated. The timing of peak angular velocities for the pelvis, trunk, arm, forearm and hand body segments were recorded to generate each pitch’s KS. KSs were then divided into groups based on similarities to the ideal PDS pattern. ANCOVA statistical analyses were performed to compare joint torques across these KS groups with ball velocity as a covariate. Results: A total of 13 different KSs were observed across the 14 pitchers resulting in an average of 3 ± 1.41 different KSs per pitcher. Three different primary KS groups were identified: (1) PDS group: with a KS closest to the ideal PDS pattern (2) the Altered Distal Upper Extremity segment: with the forearm peaking after the hand (the most common group) and (3) Altered Proximal Upper Extremity segment order with the arm segment peaking after the hand (2nd most common). Across these three primary KS patterns, statistically significant differences were noted for elbow valgus torque [F(62,2) = 8.785, ɳ2 = .221, p < 0.00], shoulder external rotation (ER) torque [F(62,2) = 14.127, ɳ2 = .313, p < 0.00] and shoulder extension (Ext) torque [F(62,2) = 13.237, ɳ2 = .299, p < 0.00] (Figure 1). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that collegiate baseball pitchers performed an average of 3 different kinematic sequence patterns during fastball pitching. This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between KSs and elbow and shoulder torque production. As anticipated, the PDS KSs produced the least torque across the elbow and shoulder joints. Alterations in Distal Upper Extremity KS was most common and generated the greatest shoulder Ext torques. Alterations in the Proximal Upper Extremity KS demonstrated the greatest elbow valgus and shoulder ER. Further study of the influence of kinematic sequence on joint torques in the baseball pitch may provide insight into pitching injuries and injury avoidance programs.

Use of a Venous Flap From an Amputated Part for Salvage of an Upper Extremity Injury

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell Brooks ◽  
Rudolf Buntic ◽  
Harry J. Buncke
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Venous Flap

Cortical Plasticity Following Upper Extremity Injury and Reconstruction

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri J. Anastakis ◽  
Robert Chen ◽  
Karen D. Davis ◽  
David Mikulis
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury

Upper Extremity Injury - Baseball

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 149-150
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Morris ◽  
Anand Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury

scholarly journals Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Risk of Upper Extremity Injury in Overhead Athletes: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Keller ◽  
Anthony F. De Giacomo ◽  
Julie A. Neumann ◽  
Orr Limpisvasti ◽  
James E. Tibone
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury

Context: Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes. Objective: To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow. Data Sources: An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury. Study Selection: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Data Extraction: Data on demographics and methodology as well as shoulder range of motion in various planes were collected when possible. The primary outcome of interest was upper extremity injury, specifically shoulder or elbow injury. Results: The systematic review included 2195 athletes (1889 males, 306 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years. Shoulders with GIRD favored an upper extremity injury, with a mean difference of 3.11° (95% CI, –0.13° to 6.36°; P = 0.06). Shoulder total range of motion suggested increased motion (mean difference, 2.97°) correlated with no injury ( P = 0.11), and less total motion (mean difference, 1.95°) favored injury ( P = 0.14). External rotational gain also favored injury, with a mean difference of 1.93° ( P = 0.07). Conclusion: The pooled results of this systematic review and meta-analysis did not reach statistical significance for any shoulder motion measurement and its correlation to shoulder or elbow injury. Results, though not reaching significance, favored injury in overhead athletes with GIRD, as well as rotational loss and external rotational gain.

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