scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF ESTROGENS ON THE BONE MARROW OF ADULT FEMALE DOGS

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER C. CRAFTS
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Total White Cell Count ◽  
Marked Drop

Abstract Large doses of estrogens have a profound effect on the bone marrow of adult dogs. The initial reaction is a great increase in the number of neutrophilic elements in the bone marrow. These neutrophils are released into the blood stream causing a marked rise in the total white cell count. This is followed by congestion of the bone marrow and a destruction of the white cell elements in these marrows. Congested areas and locations formerly occupied by white cell elements are replaced by edema, leaving erythroid elements intact. This accounts for the marked drop in the total white cell count in the blood stream. This is followed by destruction of remaining erythroid elements in the bone marrow and replacement by "edema" until a stage is reached where practically no cells can be found in the marrow.

Effects of various steroids on the thymus, spleen, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles in old orchidectomized rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. A. Fitzpatrick ◽  
B. D. Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Total White Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Thymus Weight ◽  
Accessory Sex Organs

ABSTRACT The effects of several steroids on the regenerating thymus in ageing male rats have been studied. Rats aged from 12 to 15 months were orchidectomized and 7 days later implanted s.c. with silicone elastomer tubing containing 25 mg testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestradiol, progesterone or corticosterone. One group of rats received an empty implant. Thirty days later the rats were killed and the thymus, spleen, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles weighed and retained for histology. Whole blood was taken for total and differential white cell counts; plasma was prepared for radioimmunoassay of testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone and corticosterone. After orchidectomy only, a multilobular thymus was present, and histologically the tissue appeared healthy. In testosterone- and oestradiol-treated rats, thymus weight was reduced to about 50% of that in untreated animals. Histologically, much of the thymus taken at autopsy was fat and what remained was poorly organized and contained a much lower density of thymocytes. The total white cell count was significantly reduced in these animals, the effect appearing to be predominantly on lymphocytes. Although treatment with DHT also resulted in a lower mean thymus weight than that of orchidectomized animals, histologically the tissue appeared similar to that of the untreated castrated animals. In rats treated with DHT, the total white cell count was significantly higher than in testosterone-implanted rats. Both progesterone and corticosterone implants resulted in significantly smaller mean thymus weights, although these steroids were not as potent as testosterone or oestradiol. Corticosterone, but not progesterone, appeared to cause a significant reduction in circulating lymphocytes. Dihydrotestosterone possessed only half the potency of testosterone in restoring the weights of the accessory sex organs. Serum concentrations of testosterone in orchidectomized old rats were 0·33 ± 0·02 nmol/l and in testosterone-implanted rats 4·8 ± 0·4 nmol/l. These results raise the possibility that testosterone and oestradiol may have caused atrophy of the thymus, while DHT may have retarded regeneration of the thymus without any atrophic effect. It remains to be seen whether the different responses between testosterone and DHT, in both the thymus and accessory sex organs, are due to differences in intrinsic action or differences in the metabolism of the steroids. J. Endocr. (1987) 113, 51–55

Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome: hematologic parameters as predictors of response

Blood ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alun V. Evans ◽  
Blair P. Wood ◽  
Julia J. Scarisbrick ◽  
Elizabeth A. Fraser-Andrews ◽  
Sue Chinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Extracorporeal Photopheresis ◽  
Skin Score ◽  
Total White Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
T Cell Clone

Data were analyzed from 23 patients with Sézary syndrome (defined by erythroderma, more than 10% circulating atypical mononuclear cells, and peripheral blood T-cell clone) undergoing monthly extracorporeal photopheresis as the sole therapy for up to 1 year. The cohort showed a significant reduction of skin scores during treatment (P = .001). Thirteen patients (57%) achieved a reduction in skin score greater than 25% from baseline at 3, 6, 9, or 12 months (responders). Reduction in skin score correlated with reduction in the Sézary cell count as a percentage of total white cell count (P = .03). Responders and nonresponders were compared. None of the measured parameters was significantly different between the 2 groups. It was assessed whether any of the baseline parameters predicted outcome. A higher baseline lymphocyte count was significantly associated with a decrease in skin score at 6 months (P < .05). A higher baseline Sézary cell count as a percentage of total white cell count predicted a subject was more likely to be a responder after 6 months of treatment (P = .021). No other parameters predicted responder status. These data show that the modest falls in CD4, CD8, and Sézary cell counts were seen in all patients and might have resulted from lymphocyte apoptosis. This mechanism could explain the more favorable response seen in patients with higher percentages of Sézary cells in the peripheral blood. Alternatively, minimum tumor burden might be required for the induction of a cytotoxic response. Analysis of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells is needed to investigate these possibilities further.

Early Response to Induction Is Predictive of Survival in Childhood Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Results of the Medical Research Council ALL 97 Trial.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Anindita Roy ◽  
Mike Bradburn ◽  
Anthony V. Moorman ◽  
Julie Burrett ◽  
Chris Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Early Response ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Childhood All ◽  
Monosomy 7 ◽  
Ph Chromosome ◽  
Response Group

Abstract We report the outcome of children with Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) treated on the national trial for childhood ALL, MRC ALL 97/99, between Jan 1997 and Jun 2002. A diagnosis of Ph+ ALL was made by karyotyping and/or fluorescent in situ hybridisation. Outcome was evaluated according to NCI risk criteria and treatment response. Statistical methods included Kaplan Meier analysis, logrank and stratified logrank tests. Of the 1937 patients treated on the MRC ALL 97/99 protocol, 1836 were successfully screened for Ph chromosome and 42 (2.3%) were positive. This subgroup of patients was heterogeneous at the cytogenetic level with 27 (77%) out of 35 assessable cases having one or more abnormality in addition to the Ph translocation. Four recurrent secondary abnormalities were observed: an extra Ph chromosome, loss of 9p (del 9p), high hyperdiploidy and monosomy 7. The median age at diagnosis and presenting white cell count were 6.8 years and 32.5 × 109/L respectively. 19 (45%) had <25% bone marrow blasts within the first two weeks of treatment and were defined as a Good-response group (GRG), the others were classified as a Poor-response group (PRG). 6/10 (60%) of the patients with an extra Ph chromosome were in the GRG, whereas 8/10 (80%) of those with del 9p belonged to the PRG. 36/42 (86%) achieved complete remission (CR1) at the end of induction of whom 28 underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The median follow up was 41 months (range 21–84 months). The 3-year estimate for event free survival (EFS) (with 95% confidence intervals) was 57% (41–70%). The EFS for the GRG and PRG were 74% (48–88%) and 44% (22–64%) respectively. Significant predictors for survival were presenting white cell count (p=0.02) and early response to treatment (p=0.03), but not age at diagnosis or gender. BMT in CR1 appeared to reduce the risk of a subsequent bone marrow relapse. These results are a significant improvement on previous results, particularly for the PRG. The EFS for the PRG in this report is 44% compared to a 4 yr. EFS of 10% in previously published data from the BFM/AIEOP group. We believe that the early introduction of intensive chemotherapy as in the MRC trial improves early response rates and overall outcome in Ph+ ALL, especially for the PRG. BMT in CR1 is recommended in children with Ph+ ALL, nonetheless newer alternative treatment strategies, such as the use of imatinib mesylate need to be evaluated for children with Ph+ ALL.

Defining The morphological Appearance Of ETV6-Abl Diseases. Evaluation Of a Case

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 5271-5271
Author(s):  
Finella MC Brito-Babapulle ◽  
Barbara Czepulkowski
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Central Area ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cell Series

Abstract A 30 year old female presented@30 weeks pregnancy with a few circulating myeloid blasts in her blood but a normal full blood count. She had previously used an epipen for acute allergic reactions and had bone pain at presentation. There was splenomegaly on examination. Bone marrow aspirate was extremely difficult to obtain but trephine roll showed eosinophils, basophils, occasional mast cells and occasional blasts A population of 23% hypergranulated basophilic cells were seen on aspirate whose aetiology is not clear and are assigned to the basophil/mast cell series. For want of a better term these cells are called Finella’s cells. Histological examination of trephine biopsy showed extreme hypercellularity, Grade III/IV reticulin fibrosis large numbers of eosinophils and basophils with mast cells confirmed by CD 117 staining. The large hypergranulated basophilic cells (Finella’s cells) were not visible on trephine staining. An isodicentric X on cytogenetic analysis and a bcr-abl probe showed a split abl with 2 signals. An ETV6-ABL1 gene rearrangement was present. The c-kit D816V mutation was not identified nor was FIP1L1-PDGFRA present. Subsequently the morphologic features described above allowed the suspicion in a further case. Various appearances of the bone marrow and blood allow the suspicion of a particular disease which then leads to the performance of the diagnostic test to confirm the suspected genetic abnormality. This is epitomised in the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia based on a high white cell count, myelocyte peak and excess of myeloid cells with an increase in cells such as eosinophils and basophils. The diagnosis is then made by demonstrating the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome or bcr-abl gene rearrangement. In contrast in cases with an ETV6-abl, the patient has a white cell count that is not markedly increased with a leucoerythroblastic blood film and a bone marrow examination that shows a superficial resemblance to a chronic myeloproliferative disease with marked myelofibrosis and large numbers of eosinophils and basophils some of which are morphologically abnormal. Megakaryocytes when seen show discrete nuclear fragments and hypolobation and eosinophils and basophils are increased leading to the case being mistakenly diagnosed as an eosinophilic disorder rather than a specific disease entity i.e ETV6-abl. It cannot be classified with the mastocytic leukaemia’s as the number of masts cells is not greater than 5% and they are not clustered but loosely distributed. The aetiology of Finella’s cells are unclear. Mast cells in blood smears are easily identifiable by their large granules which disfigure the nuclear outline and a central area of pallor or by their “slipper” shape and granule content. In this case the cells are larger than mast cells circular, have no central area of pallor,the excessive granularity masking the nuclear outline and leading one to question whether a PML-RARA fusion is present which it is not. The presence of eosinophils, basophils and these cells should make the viewer suspect an ETV6-abl disorder which is normally a cryptic fusion which will not be identified without use of the appropriate FISH/ RT-PCR test. The disease appears to undergo blast transformation as seen with CML and early transplantation is recommended as happened successfully with our case. Although several other cases have been reported in the literature by various authors and called bcr-abl negative CML, myeloproliferative neoplasms, myeloproliferative disorders with eosinophilia etc peripheral blood eosinophilia is not present and FIP1L1-PDGFRA is not present. The morphologic features that lead one to suspect the presence of theETV6-abl have not been previously delineated. THE ETV6-ABL fusion protein has tyrosine kinase activity and responds to imatinib or second generation TKI’s and therefore demonstrating its presence when faced by the classic morphologic appearance is of clinical importance. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Rosahn ◽  
Louise Pearce ◽  
Albert E. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Monocyte Count ◽  
Total White Cell Count ◽  
The Mean

Weekly observations were made on the blood cytology of seven syphilitic and nine normal control rabbits. Each animal was examined seven times prior to and fifteen times after inoculation of the experimental group. Comparisons were made between the mean blood cell values obtained from all counts on the experimental and control groups in the preinoculation and postinoculation periods. The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the preinoculation mean values observed in the same group in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil count, and monocyte count, and lower lymphocyte count. The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the mean blood cell formula of the normal control group in the same time interval in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil and monocyte counts, and lower lymphocyte count. From these results it was concluded that during the period of disease activity, the blood cytology of rabbits infected with Tr. pallidum is characterized by an increase in the total white cell count, the platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte counts, and a decrease in the lymphocyte count from normal values. These changes were statistically significant.

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