Correct Function of the Locus Control Region May Require Passage Through a Nonerythroid Cellular Environment

The function of the β-globin locus control region (LCR) has been studied both in cell lines and in transgenic mice. We have previously shown that when a 248-kb β-locus YAC was first microinjected into L-cells and then transferred into MEL cells by fusion, the YAC loci of the LxMEL hybrids displayed normal expression and developmental regulation.To test whether direct transfer of a β-globin locus (β-YAC) into MEL cells could be used for studies of the function of the LCR, a 155-kb β-YAC that encompasses the entire β-globin locus was used. This YAC was retrofitted with a PGK-neo selectable marker and with two I-PpoI sites at the vector arm-cloned insert junctions, allowing detection of the intact globin loci on a single I-PpoI fragment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). ThePpo-155 β-YAC was used to directly lipofect MEL 585 cells. In 7 β-YAC MEL clones with at least one intact copy of the YAC, the levels of total human globin mRNA (ie, ɛ + γ + β) per copy of integrated β-YAC varied more than 97-fold between clones. These results indicated that globin gene expression was strongly influenced by the position of integration of the β-YAC into the MEL cell genome and suggested that the LCR cannot function properly when the locus is directly transferred into an erythroid cell environment as naked β-YAC DNA. To test whether passage of the β-YAC through L-cells before transfer into MEL cells was the reason for the previously observed correct developmental regulation of human globin genes in the LxMEL hybrid cells, we transfected the YAC into L-cells by lipofection. Three clones carried the intact 144-kb I-PpoI fragment and transcribed the human globin genes with a fetal-like pattern. Subsequent transfer of the YAC of these L(β-YAC) clones into MEL cells by fusion resulted in LxMEL hybrids that synthesized human globin mRNA. The variation in human β-globin mRNA (ie, ɛ + γ + β) levels between hybrids was 2.5-fold, indicating that globin gene expression was independent of position of integration of the transgene, as expected for normal LCR function. The correct function of the LCR when the YAC is first transferred into the L-cell environment raises the possibility that normal activation of the LCR requires interaction with the transcriptional environment of an uncommitted, nonerythroid cell. We propose that the activation of the LCR may represent a multistep process initiated by the binding of ubiquitous transcription factors early during the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and completed with the binding of erythroid type of factors in the committed erythroid progenitors.